IUDs  prevent contraception in the following ways by:
1. Increasing phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.
2. Suppressing sperm motility and thereby the fertilising ability (by copper ions released by some IUDs).
3. Making the uterus unsuitable for implantation.
4. Making the cervix hostile to sperms.

(i) In this method,the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle,when ovulation occurs and the chances of fertilisation are very high.
(ii) During the period of intense lactation, ovulation does not occur and hence chances of conception are almost nil.

Since it is misused to find out the sex of the foetus leading to female foeticides, it is necessary to ban amniocentesis. Amniocentesis is the prenatal diagostic technique that helps to find out chromosomal (genetic) disorders or metabolic disorders of the foetus; in extreme cases where the foetus is found to be suffering from an incurable disorder, MTP is advised. By banning this, the advantage of preventing an unwanted birth is lost.

Saheli is an oral pill.
1. It inhabits ovulation and implantation.
2. It alters the quality of cervical muscus and retards the entry of sperms into cervix.

Cut is an intra-uterine device (IUD) and functions as follows:
1. It suppresses sperm motility and the fertilising capacity of sperms.
2. It increases phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.

The term test-tube baby is a misnomer because the development of baby is not carried out in the testtube. Only in-vitro fertilization is carried out in laboratory in a dish or a tube, and the fertilized egg or zygote or embryo is them transferred into the fallopian tube or uterus of the mother where the normal development of baby takes place.

1.Amniocentesis is a foetal determination test based upon the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo.It should be legally banned throughout the country as such a ban shall check increasing female foeticide cases and maintain a normal sex ratio in the country.
2. Use This technique can be used to identify some abnormalities in the number of chromosomes and to detect certain biochemicals and enzymatic abnormality.

(i) Syphilis
(ii) Gonorrhoea
(iii) Trichomoniasis
(iv) Genital herpes
(v) Chlamydiasis
(vi) AIDS

Tubectomy is the sterilisation procedure in females involving ligation of fallopian tube.

Reproductive health has improved in India, in terms of
(i) Reduced maternal and infant mortality rates.
(ii) Early detection and cure of STDs,
(iii) Assistance to infertile couples.
(iv) Availability of a variety of methods for family planning.
(v) Availability of maternal and child healthcare programmes.
(vi) Introduction of sex education in schools.

Population density.  Population density of a species is the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume e.g., number of animals per square kilometer; number of trees per acre of a forest etc. For instance, number of people per square kilometer in 1991.If the total number of individuals is represented by letter N and the number of units of space by letter S, the population density D can be obtained as D = N/S.
Consequences of Higher Population density
As the population density increases in a country beyond its means; it brings following problems:
1. per capita income comes down
2. natural resources like land, minerals, wood, fuel, etc. decrease
3. general health goes down
4. The large population of a country is the result of having large families and the quality of life gets deteriorated accordingly.

Census is the counting of population, age, and sex of individuals, marital status, number of children per couple, number of dependents, number of earning hands, education, literacy, mother-tongue, religion, race, occupation, type of employment, mortality, etc. In India, census is undertaken every ten years, e.g., 1971, 1981, 1991. It takes over one year for the completion of census.Census of our country was carried out in February 2001.

Counseling and creating awareness among people about the following aspects would help in building up a reproductively healthy society
(i) Reproductive organs
(ii) Adolescence and associated changes
(iii) Safe and hygienic sexual practices and
(iv) Sexually transmitted diseases
Educating people, especially fertile couples and those in marriageable age group about the following would help to raise a socially responsible society.
(i) Available birth control methods
(ii) Care of pregnant mothers
(iii) Importance of breast feeding and
(iv) Equal opportunities for a girl child.

(i) Test tube baby programme - In this method, the ovum of the woman and the sperm of her husband or a donor, are made to fuse ,under laboratory conditions; it is called in vitro fertilisation (IVF). - The zygote or early embryo is implanted in the fallopian tube or uterus respectively for further development.
(ii) Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) - In this method, the sperm is injected directly into the ovum to form the zygote and then embryo transfer is carried out.
(iii) Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFn - This method involves the transfer of an ovum collected from a donor female into another female for fertilisation and further development of foetus.
(iv) Artificial insemination - In this method, the semen collected from the husband or a healthy XII donor, is artificially introduced into the vagina or into the uterus (intra uterine insemination). - It is carried out when infertility is due to the inability of the male partner to inseminate the female or due to very low sperm count in the semen.