The trial of Shanti was a fair one because:
(i) It took place in an open court and in the presence of the accused.
(ii) Alawyer defended Shanti, who also cross-examined the witnesses.
(iii) Shanti's lawyer was given an opportunity to produce her witnesses and evidences.

Second five-year plan was formulated in the year 1956. Following were its main features:
(i) It laid stress on the development of the heavy industries such as iron and steel industry and on the construction of large dams.
(ii) The Planning Commission believed that heavy industries should be encouraged for the cause of development of the nation as they are regarded as the backbone of an economy.
(iii)Dams were required to supply electricity to the industries and water to agricultural fields.

(i) The term CITES stands for Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna.
(ii) It is an agreement between governments. It aims to ensure that international trade in species of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
(iii) In total, 5,000 species of animals and 28,000 species of plants are protected. Bears, Dolphins, Cacti, Corals, Orchids, etc. are some of the examples of protected species.

Dalits can 'invoke' or 'draw on' a Fundamental Right (or Rights) in situations where they feel that they have been treated badly by some individual or community, or even by the government. They can draw the attention of the government of India to the Constitutional provisions, demanding that the government abides by them and do justice to them.

Fundamental Rights are various privileges granted to the citizens of a country by its Constitution. Its aim is to restrict arbitrary power of state and create an ideal condition for the development of an individual and of his/her potential.

In agricultural activities, lots of water is used for various purposes. It is mainly used for irrigating fields. Due to illiterate and ignorant farmers, lot of water is wasted
To reduce water wastage, we can take the following steps:
(i) We can make lining in the canal to minimise water loss through seepage. 
(ii) For irrigating the crops, we can use sprinklers which control the loss of water by seepage and evaporation.
(ii) In dry areas, drip or trickle irrigation must be practised.

The British favored settled cultivators because:
The British were uncomfortable with groups which moved about (like jhum cultivators) and did not have a  fixed home.
They wanted tribal groups to settle down and become peasant cultivators, who were easier to control and administer than people who were always on the move.
The British also wanted a regular revenue source for the state, they introduced land settlements, i.e. they measured the land, defined the rights of each individual to that land and fixed the revenue demand for the state accordingly.

The companies tried to fortify settlements, deprived the Bengal Government huge amounts of revenue and undermined the authority of the local rulers. The Company found it difficult to separate trade from politics.

PIL stands for Public Interest Litigation. In Public Interest Litigation, the court gives judgement in public interest on matters such as exploitation, environment, child labour, etc. If any person or institution informs the courts the court investigates the matter and decides in the context of facts. These cases constitute Public Interest Litigation. These cases can be presented only in High Court or Supreme Court.

(i) The revolt of 1857 is known as the first war of independence as before this war, no one was so united in battles.
(ii) In this battle, many social groups of the country came together to fight, such as-Nawabs, Rajas, Zamindars, Peasants.

Man-made disasters are caused by human actions including major accidents, deliberate or inadvertent actions of individuals or groups.

Sulabh is a non-government organization, which has been working for three decades to concentrate on the problems of sanitation faced by the lowcaste, low-income people in India. It has erected more than 7,500 public toilet blocks and 1.2 million private toilets, giving access to sanitation to 10 million people. Sulabh enters into contracts with municipalities or other local authorities to construct toilet blocks with government funds. The local authorities provide land and funds for setting up the services, whereas maintenance costs are sometimes financed through user charges.

(i) The report was published in 'The Hindustan Times' of 22 March, 1946.
(ii) This report was about a strike by policemen against the unhealthy food provided by the government.
(iii) The grievance of policemen was that the government did not treat them well and provided unhealthy and inedible food.
(iv)These type of literary sources provide the information about those events and activities that do not find mention in official records. These types of sources inform us about condition of contemporary society and events.

There are various measures for the conservation of natural vegetation and wildlife.
Some of them are as follows:
(i) Awareness programmes like social forestry and Vana Mahotsava have been started to encourage the sense of protection at the regional and community level.
(ii) National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves are set up to protect natural vegetation and wildlife.
(iii) Various inlets, lakes and water bodies are put in the red category to protect marine life.
(iv) Various international institutions like CITES and PETA are established to protect various animal species, birds and natural vegetation.

Generally, Natural resources are categorised into Renewable and Non-renewable resources.
(i)The resources which get renewed or replenished quickly are called Renewable Resources. Some of them are unlimited and are not affected by human activities. For example, Solar and Wind energy. 
(ii)Resources which have limited stock and take millions of years to get renewed are known as Nonrenewable Resources.
For example, Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas.

(i) A country that has high birth rate and high death rate will have a population pyramid that is broad at the base and rapidly narrows towards the top.
(ii) This is because although a large number of children are born, a large percentage of them die in their infancy, few become adult and very few reach the old age.
(iii) For example, Kenya has a high birth rate, as well as a high death rate.

The following rights were granted to the Indian Princes and Chiefs.
(i) The British government declared that all the treaties and agreements would be honoured.
(ii) The Doctrine of Lapse was abandoned.
(iii) The Indian Princess were assured that their territories would never be annexed.
(iv) The right to adoption was recognized.

Though the presidencies Bombay, Calcutta, Madras 1became the centres of the British power in the different regions of India, at the same time, a host of smaller cities declined:
(i) Many towns manufacturing specialized goods declined due to a drop in the demand for what they produced.
(ii) Old training centres and ports could not survive when the flow of trade moved to new centres.
(iii) Earlier centres of regional power collapsed and local rulers were defeated by the British and new centres of administration emerged. This process is often described as de-urbanization.
(iv) By the early 20thcentury, only 11percent of Indians were living in cities.