Bhagat Singh was a revolutionary activist. He, along with his comrades, wished to fight against colonial rule, so they threw a bomb in the central legislative Assembly on 8^th April 1929. They wanted to remind the foreign government of its callous exploitation. Bhagat Singh was tried at the British Court and executed at the age of 23.

The goals of Muslim League were:
(i) The Muslim League supported the partition of Bengal.
(ii) It demanded separate electorates for Muslim, conceded by the government in 1909.
(iii) It wanted special favours for its own religious group/minority people.

(i) The first response of the Britishers was severe repression of the movement.
(ii) By the end of 1943, over 90,000people were arrested and around 1000were killed in police firing.
(iii) In many areas, orders were given to operate machine-guns on the crowds from airplanes

Mahatma Gandhi was a mass leader.
(i) Gandhiji, aged 46, arrived in India in 1915 from South Africa. Having led Indians in that country in non-violent marches against racist restrictions, he was already a respected leader, known internationally.
(ii) His South Africa campaigns had brought him in contact with various types of Indians: Hindus, Muslims, Parsis and Christians, Gujaratis, Tamil and North-Indians and upper-class merchants, lawyers and workers.
(iii) Mahatma Gandhi spent his first year in India travelling throughout the country, understanding the people, their needs and the overall situation.

The partition of Bengal infuriated people all over India:
(i) All sections of the Congress - the Moderates and the Radicals, as they were called, opposed it.
(ii) Large public meetings and demonstrations were organised and novel methods of mass protest were developed.
(iii)The struggle that unfolded came to be known as the Swadeshi movement, strongest in Bengal but with echoes elsewhere too, in deltaic Andhra for instance, it was known as the Vandemataram Movement.

The early moderate Congress raised a number of economic issues:
(i) It declared that British rule had led to poverty and famines, increase in the land revenue had impoverished peasants and zamindars, and export of grains to Europe had created food shortage.
(ii) The Congress demanded reduction of revenue, cut in military expenditure, and more funds for irrigation.

The late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed the rise of nationalism in many Afro-Asian countries. Colonial rule in Africa only allowed the 'Chiefs' to rule on behalf of the foreign powers. In 1957, Ghana became the first sub-Saharan African country to gain independence under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah and the Convention People's Party.
The Convention People's Party won the elections to the new Legislative Council in 1956 and an independent nation was born under the name 'Ghana'.

The Non-cooperation Movement gained momentum through 1921-22, as:
(i) Thousand of students left government controlled schools and colleges.
(ii) Boycott of government functions was one of the programmes of Non-Cooperation Movement. Lawyers like, Motilal Nehru, CR Das, C Rajagopalachari gave up their practices.
(iii) People boycotted foreign goods. People lit public bonfires of foreign cloth.
(iv) British titles, honourary positions were surrendered, legislatures were boycotted, elections held under the provision of the 1919 Act were boycotted. 

The consequence of the partition of Bengal were:
(i) The partition of Bengal made people angry allover India.
(ii) All sections of the Congress including moderates and radicals opposed it.
(iii) Large public meeting, demonstrations were organised and new methods of mass protest took place.
(iv) The Swadeshi Movement started which opposed British rule, encouraged the ideas of self-help, Swadeshi enterprise, national education and use of Indian languages.

In 1905, Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal, the biggest province of British India. At that time, it included Bihar and parts of Orissa. The British argued for dividing Bengal for reasons of administrative convenience. But it was not true.
They divided Bengal for the interests of the British officials and Businessmen. The British really wanted to curtail the influence of Bengali politicians and split the Bengali people. Thus, instead of removing the non-Bengali areas from the province, they separated East Bengal and merged it with Assam.

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was a Pashtun leader from the North-West frontier province. He was close friend of Mahatma Gandhi and was known as 'Frontier Gandhi'. He founded the Khudai Khidmatgars ('Servants of God') Which was a powerful non-violent movement against the British Raj. He was a staunch supporter of Hindu- Muslim unity and strongly opposed the Muslim LFlague's demand for the partition of India.

During 1921 and 1922 the Non-Cooperation Movement gained impetus. Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges. Many lawyers like, Motilal Nehru, CR Das, C Raja Gopalachari and Asaf Ali gave up their practices.People lit public bonfires of foreign cloth. The imports of foreign cloth fell drastically between 1920-1922. In Kheda, Gujarat, Paridar peasants organised non-violent, campaigns against high land revenue fixed by the British.

In 1940 the Muslim League passed a resolution demanding "Independent states" for Muslims in the North-Western and Eastern areas of the country. The resolution did not mention partition of India or Pakistan.

The Indian National Congress wished to speak for all the people of India, irrespective of class, colour, caste, creed, language or gender. It stated that India, its resources and systems were not for anyone class or communiry ofIndia, bur for all the different communities of India.

First World War was a global war centred in Europe which began on 28th July, 1914 and lasted until Ll th November, 1918.
The war drew in all the world's economic great powers which were assembled in two opposing alliances:
(i) The Allies included United Kingdom, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, United States.
(ii) Central Powers included Germany, Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.