Diversity in Living Organisms

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Questions:

Generic 3

5 x 3 = 15

Rossy wants to leftover piece of bread which was two-three days old. Her mother asked her not to eat the piece. She showed the cottony white patch on the bread. Rosy asked
(a) What is this? From where it has come on the piece of bread?
(b) From where it get food?
(c) Whether they help us in some way?

What are the major divisions in the Kingdom Plantae? What is the basis for these divisions?

Explain the basis for grouping organisms into five kingdoms.

What is the difference between Bryophyta and Pteridophyta?

List the similarities between plants and animals.

Generic 4

4 x 4 = 16

What is the advantage of using scientific names instead of common or popular names?

Write one difference for each of the following pairs:
(i) Thallophyta and Bryophyta
(ii) Nematoda and Annelida
(ii) Amphibia and Reptilia

(a) Define classification. Give any two of its significances.
(b) Classify the following plants into different plant divisions:
Spirogyra, Fern, Funaria, Pinus, Apple tree and Mustard plant

What are the three differences between plants and animals?

Generic 2

5 x 2 = 10

10.

Distinguish between Bryophyta and Thallophyta stating two examples of each.

11.

Bittu and Chinka live in a village. They planned to go to nearby pond to catch fish. They took a small net to trap fishes. Whenever any unwanted animal, such as small tortoise, very small fish, small snails, etc. and aquatic plants, like Hydrila, come in the net, Chinka used to put them back in the pond.
Answer the following questions above information:
(a) What would have happened, had they killed those animals and thrown the plants as wastes?
(b) Give one reason to justify that Chinka's action is environment friendly.
(c) How can you contribute in the preservation of flora and fauna around us?

12.

(a) Write one characteristic each of amphibia and aves.
(b) Write the name of the class to which following belong:
(i) sea horse (ii) king cobra

13.

How are pteridophytes different from the phanerogams?

14.

Why do bryophytes called amphibians of the plant kingdom?

Multiple Choice Question

5 x 1 = 5

15.

A eukaryotic cell does not has:

(a)

cell membrane

(b)

membrane-bound cell organelles

(c)

single-celled body organisation

(d)

nucleus not surrounded by a membrane

16.

Which one of the following belongs to coelenterata?

(a)

Sycon

(b)

Hydra

(c)

Spongilla

(d)

Planaria

17.

Which one of the following is the example of Thallophyta?

(a)

Ulothrix

(b)

Moss

(c)

Fern

(d)

Marchantia

18.

In which one of the following character, members of the Kingdom Monera differ from other kingdoms?

(a)

Lack of defined nucleus

(b)

Presence of membrane-bound cell organelles

(c)

Multicellular design of the body

(d)

Presence of true nucleus

19.

The fundamental basic taxonomical unit of classification is

(a)

species

(b)

genus

(c)

class

(d)

kingdom

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Answers Key:

Generic 3

5 x 3 = 15

(a) This cottony mass is of bread mould, belong to the group fungi. The spores of the mould present in air, settle down on the moist bread piece (and also on other moist dead organic matter). Spores grow into small or big colonies (patch) consisting of thread like structure called hyphae. Eating of such spoiled bread causes diseases.
(b) Fungi (mould) do not have chlorophyl. They obtain their food from dead decaying organic matter, such as bread or other food materials, so they are called saprophytes.
(c) Fungi decompose complex dead organic materials into usable simpler forms. Thus, they help in recycling of materials. Also help in cleaning of the environment.

Major divisions in kingdom plantae are-
(i) Thallophyta
(ii) Bryophyta
(iii) Pteridophyta
(iv) Gymnosperms
(v) Angiosperms.
Basis for classification plantae division:
1. Whether the plant body has well differentiated, distinct components.
2. Whether the plant body has special tissues for the transport of water and other substances within it.
3. Whether the plants bear the seeds or not.
4. Whether the seeds are enclosed within fruits or not.

The basis for grouping organisms into five kingdoms are:
(i) Whether the organisms are made of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
(ii) Whether the organism is unicellular i.e., a cell living singly or organised into multicellular and thus complex organisms.
(iii) Whether the cells have a cell wall or not.
(iv) Whether they prepare their own food or get their food from outside.

Difference between Bryophyta and Pteridophyta:

Bryophyta	Pteridophyta
1. They are non-vascular land plants.	1. They are vascular land plants.
2. The dominant phase or main plant body is a gametophytes.	2. The dominant phase or main plant body is a sporophyte.
3. The plant body is not differentiated into true roots, stem and leaves.	3. The plant body is not differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.
4. The sporophyte is dependent upon the gametophyte for support, shelter and nutrition.	4. The sporophyte and The sporophyte are independent and autographic plants.
5. The spores are produced in the capsule part of the sporophyte.	5. The spores are produced in sporangia borne on the leaves called sporophylls.
Example: Moss	Example: Ferns.

In spite of certain external differences, plants and animals show a number of very obvious similarities which are as follows:
(i) Plants and animals are made up of microscopic units-the cell.
(ii) Both contain living substance protoplasm.
(iii) Certain life processes i.e., respiration, digestion, reproduction, assimilation etc. take place in both the groups in identical manner.
(iv) Both show response to external stimuli.
(v) They both show growth.
(vi) Both reproduce and pass on their hereditary characters to the offspring by the same mechanism.

Generic 4

4 x 4 = 16

The practice of naming is one of the greatest inventions of man. Millions of animals and plants are named differently in different languages in different parts of the world. It means the names used for one organism differs from place to place. For example, Argemone a common weed has as many as ten to twele Hindi names alone. Some call it 'Firangi Dhatura', Sial Kanta', 'Pila Dhatura', 'Bharband', 'Kandhari', 'Satya nasi buti', 'Katela', 'Jahriber', 'Ugar Kanta' etc. Same thing is applicable to animals and other plants. Sometimes the common names are misleading. Same name may be used for different organisms in different parts.
To avoid this confusion Linnaeus gave a system in which an organism is given a name with two components-the first part is the generic name and the second part is the specific name. Thus the scientific name of common cat is Felis domestica, and that of tiger is Felis tigris. This system of giving a name with two components to an organism is called 'Binomial system of nomenclature'. The scientific names thus given to the organism are recognized all over the world. Hence, confusion is avoided on this aspect.

(i) Difference between Thallophyta and Bryophyta

Thallophyta	Bryophyta
Plant body is not well differentiated into stem and leaf-like structure (Plant body is thalloid). Example: Spirogyra	Plant body is differentiated to form stem and leaf-like structure. Example: Moss

(ii) Nematoda and Annelida

Nematoda	Annelida
Animals have round unsegmented body with pseudocoelom.	Animals have segmented body with true coelom.

(ii) Amphibia and Reptilia

Amphibia	Reptilia
(a) These animals lack scales and breathe through lungs and skin but in larval stage through gills	(a) These animals have scales and breathe through lungs.
(b) Fertilisation is external.	(b) Fertilisation is internal.
(c) They have three-chambered heart.	(c) They have four-chambered heart.

(a) Definition of classification. Arranging the things on the basis of similarities and differences in various groups is known as classification.
Significance of classification:
(i) Classification helps us in exploring the diversity of life forms.
(ii) Classification of organism indicates the interrelationship amongst different groups of organisms. Thus classification of life forms is related to their evolution.
(b) Plant Plant Division
(i) Spirogyra Thallophyta
(ii) Fern Pteridophyta
(iii) Funaria Bryophyta
(iv) Pinus Gymnosperm
(v) Apple tree Angiosperm
(vi) Mustard plant Angiosperm

Plants and Animals differ as given in the table below:

Plants	Animals
1. Most of the plants, around us, are stationary and do not move from one place to another.	1. Most of the animals around us, are mobile i.e., they can move from one place to another.
2. Green plants can synthesise their own food in presence of sunlight from \(H_{ 2 }O\) and \(CO_{ 2 }\). In their green parts, like leaves, chlorophyll pigment (green pigment) is found which helps in food preparation by the process of photosynthesis.	2. Animals cannot synthesise their food because they lack chlorophyll. So, they directly (by eating plants) or indirectly (eating other animals who eat plants) depend on plants.
3. Most of the plants continue growing throughout their life. The growth may be in length (height) or producing spreading branches.	3. Animals stop growing especially in length (height) after attaining certain maturity.
4. Plant cells have cell walls as outer most covering.	4. Animal cell do not have cell walls.

Generic 2

5 x 2 = 10

10.

Differences between Bryophyta and Thallophyta are as follows:

Bryophyta	Thallophyta
Plant body is differentiated into stem and leaf-like structures	Simple plant body with little tissue differentiation.
Plants can live on land as well as in water	Plants are predominently aquatic.
e.g. Marchantia and Funaria	e.g. Ulothrix and Spirogyra

11.

(a) It would have contributed in disturbing the ecological balance of the pond/lake or any such water bodies.
(b) He is environment friendly because he is conserving biodiversity and not destroying species unnecessarily.
(c) By spreading awareness in the community members about the importance of diversity, by developing empathy and love for all living organisms.

12.

(a) Amphibia. They are cold blooded animals that have three chambered heart e.g., Frog.
Aves. They are birds. All birds are warm blooded animals and have a four chambered heart.
(b) (i) Sea horse - Class Pisces
(ii) King cobra - Class Reptilia

13.

Pteridophytes	Phanerogams
1. Pteridophytes have naked embryos that are called spores.	1.Phanerogams produce seeds which consists of embryo and stored food.
ofThe reproductive organs are inconspicuous, therefore called cryptogamae (those with hidden reproductive organs).	2. They have well differentiated reproductive tissues which after reproductive process produce seeds.

14.

Bryophytes (that include mosses) are called amphibians amongst the plants because they live in damp areas as:
(a) The plant body of bryophytes are devoid of vascular tissues, roots, cuticle, etc. therefore, live in moist habitats in order to obtain water directly or through rhizoids and prevent desiccation.
(b) Like amphibians of animal kingdom, the sperms require an external supply of water for swimming and reaching the eggs for fertilizing the same.

Multiple Choice Question

5 x 1 = 5

15.