Mahua trees are precious because they are an essential part of village livelihood. The flowers of the tree can be consumed or used to make alcohol. The seeds are used to extract oil for cooking purposes and lighting lamps.

Fruits of Mahua tree.

(i) The forest laws prohibited the forest-dwellers their customary practice of hunting deer, partridges and a variety of small animals near forests. Those caught hunting were punished for poaching
(ii) Hunting of big game became a sport. Hunting increased to such an extent that various species became almost extinct.
(iii) The British saw large animals as a sign of wild, primitives and savage society. They belived by killing wild animals the British would civilize India. They gave rewards for the killing of large animals like tigers, wolves, on the ground that they posed a threat to cultivators.

(i) The forest laws prohibited the forest-dwellers their customary practice of hunting deer, partridges and a variety of small animals near forests. Those caught hunting were punished for poaching
(ii) Hunting of big game became a sport. Hunting increased to such an extent that various species became almost extinct.
(iii) The British saw large animals as a sign of wild, primitives and savage society. They belived  by killing wild animals the British would civilize India. They gave rewards for the killing of large animals like tigers, wolves, on the ground that they posed a threat to cultivators.

Some of the communities that live in Bastar are Maria and Muri Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas.

Some of the communities that live in Bastar are Maria and Muri Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas.

The Imperial Forest Research Institute was established at Dehradun in 1906.

The Indian Forest Service was set up in 1864 to introduce proper system to manage forests and train people in the science of conservation.

The colonial managers of Bastar were the British, while those of Java were the Dutch.
Similarities
(a) In both cases, forests came to be owned by the state.
(b) They restricted villagers from practicing shifting cultivation.
(c) They enacted laws to allow themselves to exploit forest trees for timber, to build ships and railways, to protect and further their imperial interests.
(d) Both enacted forest laws to restrict villager's access to forests, grazing, etc.
(e) Both were exploitative by nature, they displaced the local communities from their traditional means of livelihood, and exploited them to further their interests. Defaulters of forest laws were harassed, punished and fined.
(g) Both introduced exploitative policies to get the support of the locals. The British introduced 'Forest villages'. Under this, some villages were allowed to stay on in the reserved forests on the condition that they would work free for the forest department and would help in cutting and transporting trees and protecting the forests from fire.
(g)In Java, the Dutch introduced the Blandongdiensten system. Under this, the villages were exempted from rent if they would work collectively to provide free labour and animals for cutting and transporting timber.
(h) Policies of management in both cases resulted in the enforcement of alien concepts of private property, taxes and penetration of forest societies by outsiders.
(i) The atrocities of the managers led to increasing frustration among the forest communities, which found an outlet in rebellions. These rebellions though crushed with a heavy hand were not without results.

The expansion of cultivation can be in one sense regarded as a sign of progress.
(i) Expansion helps increase food production
(ii) Increased food production not only helps feed population better but also to meet the demand of increasing population
(iii) Increased food production enables urbanization, whereby larger sections of a population can engage, is the service and tertiary sector leading to development.
(iv) However, expansion of cultivation at the expense of clearing of forests leading to deforestation is not a sign of progress.
(v) Deforestation leads to ecological disbalance, a feature which we in today's worlds are experiencing every day in our lives the world over.