(a) To administer the Maasai the British appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of Maasai. They were made responsible for tribal affairs and imposed restrictions on warfare and raids
(b) The Maasai chiefs benefitted economically in many ways:
(i) The chiefs benefitted wealthy, as they now lead had a regular income with which they could buy animals, goods, and land.
(ii) Many became traders and indulged in money lending to poor neighbors.
(iii) Secure income enabled them to buy animals when their stock depleted and survive adverse conditions like war and droughts

(i) Banjaras were a known group of graziers.
(ii) They were to be found in the village of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhyaaw Pradesh and Maharashtra
(iii) They moved over long distances in search of good pasture land for their cattle.
(iv) They traded in plough cattle and other goods with villagers in exchange for grain and fodder.

(i) The Gaddi Shepherds of Himachal Pradesh spent their winter on the low hills of the Siwalik ranges, grazing their flocks on the scrub forests
(ii) By April they moved north and spent the summer in Lahul and Spiti. When the snow melted and the high passes were clear many of them moved on to higher mountain meadows.
(iii) By September they began their journey.
(iv) On the way, they stopped once again in the villages of Lahul and Spiti reaping their summer harvest and sowing their winter crop
(v) Then they descended with their flock to the winter grazing grounds on the Siwalik Hills.
(vi) Next April once again they began their march with their goats and sheep to the summer meadows.

Nomadic pastoralism is a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding of domesticated animals. Under this people do not live in one
place to another along with their animals in search of fresh grazing areas.

During colonial rule the traditional difference based on age between elders and warriors was disturbed and a new distinction between wealthy and poor pastoralists developed.

(a) Some combine pastoral activity with agriculture, i.e. raise cattle, camels, goats and sell products like meat and milk.
(b) Others do a variety of odd jobs, related to trade and transport to supplement their meager incomes.

The Criminal Tribes Act was passed in 1871.

By the Grazing Act, the British levied tax on the pastoralists, on every animal they took to pastures to graze. It was hated by the impoverished pastoral community for it was contrary to their customary rights.