i) Jizya is a tax levied and collected per head by Islamic states on non-Muslim subjects living in their land.
ii) In India, Qutb-ud-din Aibak imposed jizya on non-Muslims for the first time.
iii) Jizya was abolished by the Mughal ruler Akbar in 16th century but was reintroduced by Aurangzeb in the 17th century.

i) After Malik Kafur's invasion, the Pandya kingdom suffered an eclipse and a Muslim state subordinate to the Delhi Sultan came to be established in Madurai.
ii) In 1335 the Muslim Governor of Madurai Jalal-ud-din Asan Shah threw off his allegiance to Delhi kingdom and declared his independence.

The frontier regions were strengthened with garrisoning of forts at Bhatinda, Sunam and Samana.

Bughra Khan, a son of Balban, was there upon appointed the Governor of Bengal, who carved out an independent kingdom after the death of Balban.

Arabs, Turks, Persians, and Central Asians were involved militarily and administratively.

1. Muslims brought their musical instruments like Rabab and Sarangi. Amir Khusrau proclaimed that Indian music had a pre- eminence over all the other music of the world.
2. The Sufi practice of Sama, recitation of love poetry to the accompaniment of music, was instrumental in promotion of music.
3. PirBhodan, a Sufi saint, was considered a great musician of the age.

1. Iltutmish organized a Corps of Forty, all drawn from Turkish nobility and selected persons from this Forty for appointments in military and civil administration.
2. The Corps of Forty became so powerful to the extent of disregarding the wishes of Iltutmish, and after his death, to place Rukn-ud-Din Firoz on the throne.

1. The Turko-Afghan political conquests were followed by large- scale Muslim social migrations from Central Asia. India was seen as a land of opportunity.
2. The society in all stages was based on privileges with the higher classes enjoying a better socio-economic life with little regard of one's religion.

1. Al-Beruni: Tarikh-Al-Hind (Indian Philosophy and Religion written in Arabic )
2. MinhejueSiraj: Tabaqat-i-Nasiri (1260) (World Islamic History written in Arabic )

1. After defeating the Shahi king Anandapala, Mahmud went beyond Punjab, penetrating deep into the Indo-Gangetic plain.
2. Before reaching Kanauj, Mahmud raided Mathura. In later historiography, of both the British and Indian nationalists, Mahmud is notorious for his invasion of the temple city of Somnath (1025) on the seashore in Gujarat.