A large. section of urban poor in India are largely the overflow of the rural poor who migrate to urban areas in search of employment and a livelihood. They are either unemployed, or intermittingly employed as 'Casual labourers'.
(a) Why there is overflow of the rural poor to the urban areas?
(b) Who are the 'Casual labourers'?

Poverty can effectively be eradicated only when the poor start contributing to growth. This is possible through a process of social mobilisation, encouraging poor to participate and empowering them. This in turn will help in creating employment opportunities, leading to increase in the level of income, skill development, health and literacy.
(a) Give two measures to eradicate poverty effectively.
(b) Analyse th~effects of active involvement of the poor in the growth process (2 effects).

Earlier under the 'self-employment programmes' financial assistance was given to families/individuals. Since the 1990s, this approach has been changed. Now those who wish to benefit from these programmes are encouraged to form 'Self-Help Groups'. Initially they are encouraged to save some money and lend among themselves as small loans. Later, through banks the government provides partial financial assistance to SHGs, which then decide whom the loan is to be given for self-employment activities. One such programme is 'Swarnajayanti Gram Rozgar Yojana', which has been renamed as 'Deendayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana'.
(a) Mention the two approaches of financial assistance prior and after the 1990s.
(b) Elaborate the change brought about in the role of Self-Help Groups.
(c) What is 'Swarnajayanti Gram Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), recently known as?