Incomplete dominance.
It is the phenomenon in which neither of the two alleles of a gene is completely dominant over the other and the \(F_{ 1 }\) hybrid is intermediate between the two parents.
The parental traits appear without blending \(F_{ 2 }\)  in the  generation.
The phenotypic and genotypic ratios of \(F_{ 2 }\)  are same, i.e. 1: 2: 1.
e.g. Inheritance of flower colour in snapdragon.
Codominance:
It is a phenomenon in which two alleles of a gene are equally dominant and the hybrid resembles both the parents.
e.g., The blood group AB is the phenotype of the genotype  the alleles IA and IB express themselves and hence both glycoproteins A and B are present in such an individual and the blood group is AB.

Sutton and Boveri noted that the behaviour of chromosomes was parallel to that of genes.
(i) Both genes and chromosomes occur in pairs.
(ii) They segregate during gamete formation and only one member of a pair enters one gamete.
(iii) One pair of genes 'or chromosomes segregates independently of the other pairs.
(iv) Since the number of chromosomes is far less than the number of genes or traits an organism possesses, it is proposed that a number of genes are located on every chromosome.

(i)differences,offsprings
(ii)germ,somatic
(iii)charles Darwin,pangenes,
(iv)Hugo devries,Karl Correns,T-shermak
(v)Garden pea
(vi)3:1 ; 1: 2 : 1.

The phenomenon is point mutation that involves substitution of a single nitrogenous base in DNA.

It is true that flowers of garden pea are bisexual.However,Mendel made these flowers unisexual by artificial means.He emascualted bisexual flowers to make them female flowers.Collected pollen grains from those flowers which were regarded function male flowers.Thius the pollen grains of specific male flowers were dusted over the stigma of emasculated flower to complete the process of hybridization.Finally the seeeds were collected and sown to obtain F1 plants.

The genotypes of parents must be Hb^A Hb^S and Hb^A Hb^S .

In a monohybrid test cross, involving a heterozygous tall plant (Tt) and a pure dwarf plant, the progeny consists of tall and dwarf plants in the ratio of 1:1

(i) Klinefelter's. It occurs due to trisomy of sex chromosome.
(ii) She was advised to undergo MTP since the child will have the following problems.
(a) male with feminine traits gynaecomastia
(b) underdeveloped testes leading to sterility
(iii) Yes, this test is actually to determine the genetic defects of metabolic disorders in foetus by doing a chromosomal analysis. In such extreme cases that could be incurable, a decision to abort the foetus could be taken. But, amniocentesis is misused now-a-days.
It is used to determine the sex of the foetus and in many cases it lead to female foeticide. It has become so serious that it disturbed the male-female ratio, that can have a negative impact on society. So, it should be banned.

In certain organisms, e.g.maize, Asparagus, Neurospora, yeast, etc., single gene pair is found to be responsible for determination of sex. e.g. Asparagus is a dioecious plant in which female flowers bear rudimentary anthers and male flowers bear rudimentary pistils, but it is seen that male flowers sometimes set the seed.
In one such case, when seeds obtained from a rare male flower, were raised into plants the male and female plants to be present in the ratio of 3:1 as:

In this case, maleness should be dominant over femaleness and the male plant is generally heterozygous. When male plants were used to pollinate female flowers only 2/3rd of them showed segregation, suggesting the control of sex by a single gene pair.
In maize, the gene for tassel seed (male inflorescence is called tassel) converts tassel into bearing inflorescence. Similarly, the gene for skillless (silk is female inflorescence) sk causes the absence of silk.
Therefore, the plants which
(i) sk/sk combination is a male plant.
(ii) ts/ts combination is a female plant.
By using the combination of these genes, it is possible to convert monoecious maize plant to a dioecious maize plant.

Mendelian experiments cannot be carried out in human beings because:
(i) Generation period is long in human beings. Human traits are influenced by a number of factors.
(ii) Human inheritance cannot be studied in more than two to three generations by a scientist. Progeny of a couple is small.
(iii) Marriage desired by an experimenter are not always possible in humans.
(iv) They have a mixed population and pure traits are rarely observed.
(v) Marriages are not planned, so that there is regular mixing of traits coming from unconnected families.