Fjord:
1. A fjord is a narrow and deep sea inlet between steep cliffs.
2. It reduces the speed of wind irrespective of its direction and protect harbour.
3. The force of sea waves are also controlled.
4. Fjords are best situated for natural harbours.

Northern Hemisphere:

The area of the Earth found. between the Equator [0^o] and the North pole [90^o] is called the Northern Hemisphere.
Southern Hemisphere:

The area of the Earth from the equator to the South pole [90^oS] is called the Southern Hemisphere.
Eastern Hemisphere:

The part of the Earth between the 0^o line of longitude and the 180^o East line of longitude is known as the Eastern Hemisphere.
Western Hemisphere:

The part of the Earth from 0^o line of longitude to 180^o West line of longitude is called as Western Hemisphere.

Flood:
An overflow of a large amount of water, beyond its normal limits, especially on the rain fed areas is called a flood.
Do's during flood:
(i) Cut off gas connection and electricity.
(ii) Leave immediately through the prescribed.
(iii) Drink hot water.
Don'ts:
(i) Try to connect electricity once it is cut.
(ii) Operate vehicles.
(iii) Swim against floods.
(iv) Avoid going on excursions.
(v) Neglect flood warning messages.

Local bodies play an important role in the development of villages and cities, because there are many services provided by local bodies to the people like drinking water supply, street lighting, Drainage and sewage pipe system, Laying down roads and maintenance, laying public parks, libraries, play grounds, etc. The main work of local bodies is activation of central and state government schemes to the common people.

(i) The break-up of Mauryan Empire resulted in the invasion of Sakas, Scythians, Parthians, Indo-Greeks of Bactrain Greeks and Kilshanas from the north-west.
(ii) The most important features of the Post - Mauryan period was the growth of trade and commerce, both internally as well as externally.
(iii) These were two major internal land routes in ancient India, ie, Uttarapatha and Dakshinapatha.
(iv) The important ports on the western coasts were Sopara and Broach. On easten coast were Arikamedu and Kaveripattinam.
(v) The trade between India and Rome flourished during this period.
(vi) There was constant trade in silk between India and China.
(vii) The Kushanas and the Satvahanas especially benefited from their trade with the Roman Empire.
(viii) India forged trade relations with Java, Sumatra, Malaysia, Burma and China also.

(i) Karikalvalavan or Karikalan was the most famous of the chola kings.
(ii) He defeated the combined army of the cheras, Pandyas and the eleven velir chieftains who supported them at Venni, a small village in the Thanjavur region.
(iii) He converted forests into cultivable lands. He built kallanai across the river Kaveri to develop agriculture.
(iv) Their port puhar attracted merchants from various regions of the Indian Ocean.
(v) The Pattinapaalai, a poetic work in the Pathinenkeezhkanakku, gives elaborate information of the trading activity during the rule of karikalan.

Tokyo, Shanghai, Singapore, Hong Kong, Chennai, Mumbai, Karachi and Dubai are the important seaports in Asia.

(i) The population is unevenly distributed because of various physical features.
(ii) River plains and industrial regions have high density of population, whereas low density is found in the interior parts of Asia.

(i) Northern hemisphere
(ii) Southern hemisphere
(iii) Eastern hemisphere 
(iv) Western hemisphere

The Sun is overhead on a line of longitude only once in a day.

(i) Due to heavy rainfall from North east Monsoon.
(ii) Inefficient engineering design in the construction of embankments, dams, and canals
(iii) Did not follow some important safety precautions.

(i) It is the only permanent unit in the panchayat Raj system
(ii) The Grama Sabha is the grass root level democratic institution in a Village Panchayat.
(iii) Grama Sabha meetings are conducted four times in a year. Officers like District collector, the block development officer, teachers, etc. also participate in this meeting.
(iv) The people can freely express their needs and grievances.

The rural local bodies are categorised into Village Panchayats, Panchayat Unions and District Panchyats.

(i) The structure of the government institutions and methods the rules and regulations to be followed and the powers and responsibilities.
(ii) It fixes the Rights and Duties and the Directive Principles of the citizens.

(i) When the people themselves directly express their will on public affairs the type of government is called pure or direct democracy.
(ii) Ex: Switzerland.