Trade payables turnover ratio = \(\frac{Net\ credit\ purchases}{Average\ trade\ payables}\) = \(\frac{1,00,000}{20,000}\) = 5 times
Average trade payables = \(\frac{Opening\ trade\ payables + Closing\ trade\ payables}{2}\)
= \(\frac{(20,000 + 4,000) + (10,000 + 6,000)}{2}\) = Rs.20,000
payment period (in days) = \(\frac{Number\ of\ days\ in\ a\ year}{Trade\ payables\ turnover\ ratio}\) = \(\frac{365}{5}\) = 73 days. 

(i) Current ratio = \(\frac { Current\quad assets }{ Current\quad liabilities } \)
Current assets = Inventories + Trade debtors + Cash and cash equivalents + Prepaid expenses
= Rs.1,60,0,000 + Rs.3,20,000 + Rs.80,000 + Rs.40,000 = Rs.6,00,000
Current liabilities = Short term borrowings + Trade payables + Expenses payable + Short term provisions
= Rs.50,000 + Rs.,10,000 + Rs.15,000 + Rs.25,000 = Rs.4,00,000
Current ratio = \(\frac { 6,00,000 }{ 4,00,000 } \) = 1.5:1
(ii) Quick ratio = \(\frac { Quick\quad assets }{ Current\quad liabilities } \)
Quick assets = Current assets - Inventories - Prepaid expenses
= Rs.6,00,000 - Rs.1,60,000 - Rs.40,000 = Rs.4,00,000
Quick ratio = \(\frac { 4,00,000 }{ 4,00,000 } \) =1:1

Following are the limitations of ratio analysis:
(i) Accuracy of financial information : The accuracy of a ratio depends on the accuracy of information taken from financial statements.
(ii) Consistency in preparation of financial statements: Inter-firm comparisons with the help of ratio analysis will be meaningful only if the firms follow uniform accounting procedures consistently.
(iii) Non-availability of standards or norms: Ratios will be meaningful only if they are compared with accepted standards or norms. Only few financial ratios have universally recognised standards.
(iv) Change in price level : Ratio analysis may not reflect price level changes and current values as they are calculated based on historical data given in financial statements.

Following are the advantages of ratio analysis:
(i) Measuring operational efficiency : Ratio analysis helps to know operational efficiency of a business by finding the relationship between operating cost and revenues and also by comparison of present ratios with those of the past ratios.
(ii) Intra Firm Comparison: Comparison efficiency of different division of an organisation is possible by comparing the relevant ratio.
(iii) Inter Firm Comparison: Ratio analysis helps the firm to compare its performance with other firms.

(i) Operating profit ratio gives the proportion of operating profit to revenue from operations.
(ii) Operating profit ratio is an indicator of operational efficiency of an organisation.
(iii) It may be computed as follows: Operating profit ratio
= \(\frac { Operating\ profit }{ Revenue\ from\ operations } \times 100\)
Alternatively, it is calculated as under.
Operating profit ratio = 100% - Operating cost ratio
Operating profit = Revenue from operations - Operating cost
(iv) A higher ratio indicates better profitability. Greater the operting ratio, higher is the margin available for paying non-operating expenses.

Following are the objectives of ratio analysis:
(i) To simplify accounting figures
(ii) To facilitate analysis of financial statements
(iii) To analyse the operational efficiency of a business
(iv) To help in budgeting and forecasting
(v) To facilitate intra firm and inter firm comparison of performance

Operating cost ratio = \(\cfrac { Operating\ cost }{ Revenue\ from\ operations } \times 100=\cfrac { 4,80,000 }{ 8,00,000 } \times 100=60\)%
Cost of revenue from operations = Purchases of stock-in-trade + Change in inventories of stock in trade + Direct expenses (wages)
= 4,50,000 + (40,000) + 10,000 = Rs.4,20,000
Operating expenses = Administrative expenses + Selling and distribution expenses+ Employee benefits expenses (salaries)
= 20,000 + 28,000 + 12,000 = Rs.60,000
Operating cost = Cost of revenue from operations + Operating expenses
= 4,20,000 + 60,000 = Rs.4,80,000
Tutorial Note
Loss on sale of fixed assets is a non-operating item, hence it is ignored.
(iii) Operating profit ratio
Operating profit ratio gives the proportion of operating profit to revenue from operations.
Operating profit ratio is an indicator of operational efficiency of an organisation. It may be computed as follows
Operating profit ratio = \(\cfrac { Operating\ profit }{ Revenue\ from\ operations } \times 100\)
Alternatively, it is calculated as under.
Operating profit ratio = 100 – Operating cost ratio
Operating profit = Revenue from operations – Operating cost
A higher ratio indicates better profitability. Greater the operating ratio, higher is the margin available for paying non-operating expenses
Tutorial note
Operating cost ratio + Operating profit ratio = 100%

Quick ratio = \(\frac{Quick\ assets}{Current\ liabilities}\) = \(\frac{1,85,000}{1,00,000}\) = 1.85:1
Quick assets = Current assets – Inventories – Prepaid expenses
= 2,50,000 – 50,000 – 15,000
= Rs.1,85,000

(i) Ratios are only means: Ratios are not end in themselves but they are only means to achieve a particular purpose.
(ii) Accuracy of financial information : The accuracy of a ratio depends on the accuracy of information taken from financial statements.

(i) Return on investment shows the proportion of net profit. before interest and tax to capital employed (shareholders' funds and long term debts).
(ii) This ratio measures how efficiently the capital employed is used in the business.
(iii) It is an overall measure of profitability of a business concern.
(iv) It is computed as below: Return on Investment (ROI)
= \(\frac { Net\ profit\ before\ interest\ and\ tax }{ Capital\ employed } \) x 100
​​​​​​​Capital employed = Share holder's fund + Non currebt liablities greater the return on investment better is the profitability of a business and vice versa

(i) Quick ratio gives the proportion of quick assets to current liabilities.
(ii) It indicates whether the business concern is in a position to pay its current liabilities as and when they become due, out of its quick assets.
(iii) It is otherwise called liquid ratio or acid test ratio.
(iv) It is calculated as follows:
Quick ratio = \(\frac { Quick\ assets }{ Current\ liabilities } \).
Quick assets = Current assets - Inventries - prepaid expenses. higher the Quick ratio better is the short - term financial position of an enterprises.  

(i) Ratio is a mathematical expression of relationship between two related or interdependent items.
(ii) It is the numerical or quantitative relationship between two items
(iii) It is calculated by dividing one item by the other related item.
(iv) When ratios are calculated on the basis of accounting information, these are called 'accounting ratios'.

Sacrificing ratio
Reason: Sacrificing ratio is the proportion of the profit which is sacrificed or foregone by the old partners in favour of the new partner. Other three are functional classification of ratio analysis.

New profit sharing ratio
Reason: New profit sharing ratio is the agreed proportion in which future profit will be distributed to all the partners including the new partners. Other three are traditional classification of ratio analysis.

Balance sheet
Reason: A Balance sheet is a statement showing the financial position of an organisation. Other three expressed in accounting ratios.

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(A) is false, but (R) is true