D. If both A and R are false.

When buds are formed on the outer surface of the parent body, it is known as exogenous budding. E.g. Hydra.

In paramecium, the macronucleus divides by amitosis and the micronucleus divides by mitosis.

There are five types of fission. They are Binary fission, multiple fission, sporulation, and strobilation.

Offsprings produced by asexual reproduction are called clones, because they are genetically as well as morphologically similar to the parent organism.
They are not only similar to one another, but are also exact copies of their parent (e,g): Amoeba, Spirogyra, Hydra, Yeast, etc.

Parthenogenesis is the phenomenon in which female gamete directly develops into a new organism. (e,g:) Honeybee (male or drone).

In monocellular organs cell division is itself a mode of reproduction. (e.g:) Bacteria, Euglena and Amoeba.

(i) During unfavorable conditions Amoeba withdraws its pseudopodia and secretes a three-layered, protective, chitinous cyst wall around it and becomes inactive. This phenomenon is called encystment.
(ii) When conditions become favourable, the encysted Amoeba divides by multiple fission and produces many minute amoebae called pseudopodiospore or amoebulae.
(iii) The cyst wall breaks off liberating the young pseudopodiospores.

(i) In Plasmodium, multiple fission occurs in the schizont and in the oocyte stages. When multiple fission occurs in the schizont, the process is called schizogony and the daughter individuals are called merozoites.
(ii) When multiple fission occurs in the oocyte, it is called sporogony and the daughter individuals are called sporozoites.

(i) Reproduction by a single parent without the involvement of gamete formation is asexual reproduction and the offspring produced are genetically identical. (uniparental inheritance)
(ii) Asexual reproduction is usually by amitotic or mitotic division of the somatic (body) cells, hence is also known as somatogenic or blastogenic reproduction. Eg. members of Protista, Bacteria.

1. In unicellular organism there is no special structure for reproduction.
2. In binary fission the entire parent body constitute the reproductive unit and disappears when its division into two daughter unicellular cell is completed.
3. These two daughter cells function as two new individuals.
4. There is no remains of parent body cell and parent cannot be said to have died.
5. In fact after binary fission parent continues living as two daughter individual.
Hence, the unicellular organisms which undergo binary fission are called immortal (no natural death).

Regeneration is regrowth in the injured region. Regeneration was first studied in Hydra by Abraham Trembley in 1740. Regeneration is of two types, morphallaxis, and epimorphosis. In morphallaxis, the whole body grows from a small fragment e.g. Hydra and Planaria. When Hydra is accidentally cut into several pieces, each piece can regenerate the lost parts and develop into a whole new individual. The parts usually retain their original polarity, with oral ends, by developing tentacles .and aboral ends, by producing basal discs. Epimorphosis is the replacement of lost body parts. It is of two types, namely reparative and restorative regeneration. In reparative regeneration, only certain damaged tissue can be regenerated, whereas in restorative regeneration severed body parts can develop. e.g. starfish, the tail of wall lizard.

(i) Regeneration is regrowth in the injured region. Regeneration was first studied in Hydra by Abraham Trembley in 1740.
(ii) Regeneration is of two types, morphallaxis and epimorphosis. In morphallaxis the whole body grows from a small fragment. E.g. Hydra and Planaria.
(iii) When Hydra is accidentally cut into several pieces, each piece can regenerate the lost parts and develop into a whole new individual.
(iv) The parts usually retain their original polarity, with oral ends, by developing tentacles and aboral ends, by producing basal discs.
(v) Epimorphosis is the replacement of lost body' parts. It is of two types, namely reparative and restorative regeneration.
(vi) In reparative regeneration, only certain damaged tissue can be regenerated, whereas in restorative regeneration several body parts can develop. E.g. star fish, tail of wall lizard.