The genetic ability of a plant cell to produce the entire plant under suitable conditions is said to be totipotency.

The unit of reproductive structures used in vegetative propagation is called diaspore or reproductive propagules.

Pollination by bees is called mellitophily.

A diploid embryosac is formed from megaspore mother cell without a regular meiotic division
Example:
Eupatorium, Aerva

Dichogamy stamens and stigmas mature at different times (protandry, Protogyny) Herkogamy - Stamens and stigmas are arranged in such a way, self pollination become impossible.

The stem of a parent plant is allowed to develop roots. After formation of roots, the rooted part is cut and separated and planted to grow into a new plant (eg) Ixora and Jasminum.

Sucker - chrysanthemum
Stolon - jasmine

Reproduction is a biological process in which an organism give rise to offsprings. This helps to maintain continuity of its species.

Supplies nutrition to the developing microspores contributes sporopollenin through, ubisch bodies. This plays an important role in pollen wall formation. The pollen kit material is contributed by tapetal cells, and is later, transferred to the pollen surface. Exine protein responsible for rejection reaction are derived from tapetal cells.

In some species (unitegmic, tenuinucellate) the inner layer of integument becomes specialized, The layer is nutritive in function for the embryosac. This layer is called endothelium or integumentary tapetum.
Example:
Asteraceae.

Mound Layering	Air Layering
A lower flexible branch of the plant is selected.	A healthy, stiff branch of the plant is selected.
The branch is bent to the ground.	The stem is girdled at the nodal region hormones applied.
A part of the branch is buried in the soil leaving the tips exposed and allowed for rooting	The girdled portion is covered with Damp or moist soil and allowed for rooting.

  Grafting Layering Types Types of grafting Bud/Approach/Tongue
Crown/Wedge Types of layering mound / Air Benefits More useful to get more varieties from a single Plant Can get only one type of offspring Usage More useful in horticultural filed Less useful technique in horticultural field Result Can get highly desirable characters from parent stock to different scion Can get same characteristics from parent to offspring

(i) The primary endosperm nucleus divides immediately after fertilization and develops into an endosperm.
(ii) It is a nutritive tissue, and regulatory structure by undergoing repeated mitosis to form triploid (3n) endosperm that nourishes the developing embryo. Depending upon the mode of development three types of endosperm are recognized.
1) Nuclear endosperm:
(i) Primary endosperm, (PEN) nucleus undergoes several mitotic divisions. There is no cell wall formation So free nuclear condition exists in the endosperm.
Example:
Coccinia, Capsella, Arachis
2) Cellular endosperm:
(i) Primary endosperm nucleus divides into two nuclei There is cell wall formation.
(ii) Subsequent division also follows cell wall formation. It is said to be cellular endosperm
Example:
Adoxa, Helianthus, Scoparia.
3) Helobial endosperm:
(i) Primary Endosperm Nucleus moves towards the base of embryo sac.
(ii) Divides into two nuclei cell wall formation occurs forming a large micropylar chamber and a small chalazal chamber.
(iii) The nucleus of micropylar chamber further undergoes several free nuclear divisions. The nucleus of the chalazal chamber may or may not divide.
Example:
Hydrilla, Vallisneria.

(i) Some plants produce two or three different forms of flowers the length of stamen and style differ in them pollination will take place only between organs of same length.
(ii) So cross pollination is only possible. Distyly (eg) Primula-produces two forms of flowers. 

Pin or long style	Thrum eyed or short style
Long stamen	Short stamen
Long stigmatic papillae	Small stigmatic papillae
Small pollen grains	Large pollen grains

(iii) Stigma of thrum eyed anther of the pin lie in same level, Anther of the thrum eyed stigma of the pin lie in same level.
(iv) So effective cross pollination occurs, Tristyly - (eg) Lythrum
(v) The plant produces three kinds of flowers having difference in length of stamen and style.
(vi) Pollen from flowers of one type pollinate only the other two types can but not their, own type.