Social forestry refers to the management of forests and afforestation on barren lands with the purpose of helping the environmental, social and rural development and benefits.

Ozone layer is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. The ozone layer is also called as the ozone shield and it acts as a protective shield, cutting the ultra-violet radiation emitted by the sun.

The increase in mean global temperature due to increased concentration of greenhouse gases 

(a) Trees provide micro climate for crops and maintain O₂ - CO₂ balance atmospheric temperature & relative humidity
(b) Suitable for dry land where rainfall is minimum hence it is a good system for alternate land use pattern

Casuarina, Eucalyptus, Teak, Malai vembu.

The decline in the thickness of the ozone layer over the restricted area is called the Ozone hole.

Effects of deforestation:
(i) Burning of forest wood release stored carbon, a negative impact just opposite of carbon sequestration,
(ii) Trees and plants bind the soil particles. The removal of forest cover increases soil erosion and decreases soil fertility. Deforestation in dry areas leads to the formation of deserts.
(iii) The amount of runoff water increases soil erosion and also creates flash flooding, thus reducing moisture and humidity.
(iv) The alteration of local precipitation patterns leading to drought conditions in many regions. It triggers adverse climatic conditions and alters water cycle in the ecosystem.
(v) It decreases the bio-diversity significantly as their habitats are disturbed and disruption of natural cycles.
(vi) Loss of livelihood for forest dwellers and rural people.
(vii) Increased global warming and account for one-third of total CO₂ emission.
(viii) Loss of life support resources, fuel, medicinal herbs, and wild edible fruits.
Benefits of agroforestry:
(i) It is an answer to the problem of soil and water conservation and also to stabilize the soil (salinity and water table) reduce landslide and water run-off problem.
(ii) Nutrient cycling between species improves and organic matter is maintained.
(iii) Trees provide a micro climate for crops and maintain O₂ - CO₂ balanced, atmospheric temperature and relative humidity.
(iv) Suitable for dry land where rainfall is minimum and hence it is a good system for alternate land use pattern.
(v) Multipurpose tree varieties like Acacia are used for wood pulp, tanning, paper, and firewood industries.
(vi) Agroforestry is recommended for the following purposes. It can be used as Farm Forestry for the extension of forests, mixed forestry, shelterbelts, and linear strip plantation.

Afforestation is planting of trees where there was no previous tree coverage and the conversion of non-forested lands into forests by planting suitable trees to retrieve the vegetation. Example: Slopes of dams afforested to reduce water run-off, erosion and siltation. It can also provide a range of environmental services including carbon sequestration, water retention.
The Man who Single handedly Created a Dense Forest
(i) Jadav "Molai" Payeng (born 1963) is an environmental activist has single-handedly planted a forest in the middle of a barren wasteland.
(ii) This Forest Man of India has transformed the world's largest river island, Majuli, located on one of India's major rivers, the Brahmaputra, into a dense forest, home to rhinos, deers, elephants, tigers, and birds.
(iii) And today his forest is larger than CentraI Park.

Lakes as storage of rainwater provide drinking water, improves groundwater level and preserve the fresh water bio-diversity and habitat of the area wherein occurs.
In terms of services, lakes offer sustainable solutions to key issues of water management and climatic influences and benefits like nutrient retention, influencing local rainfall, removal of pollutants, phosphorous and nitrogen and carbon sequestration.

Chipko Movement:
The tribal women of Himalayas protested 'against the exploitation of forests in 1972. Later on, it transformed into Chipko Movement by Sundarlal Bahuguna in Mandal village of Chamoli district in 1974. People protested by hugging trees together which were felled by a sports goods company. Main features of Chipko movement were,
(i) This movement remained nonpolitical
(ii) It was a voluntary movement based on Gandhian thought.
(iii) It was concerned with the ecological balance of nature
(iv) Main aim of Chipko movement was to give a slogan of five F's - Food, Fodder, Fuel, Fibre and Fertilizer, to make the communities self-sufficient in all their basic needs.

(i) Training on tree growing methods
(ii) Publicity and propaganda regarding tree growing
(iii) Formation of demonstration plots
(iv) Raising and supply of seedlings on subsidy
(v) Awareness creation among school children and youth about the importance of forests through training and camps.

(i) Rise in global temperature which causes sea levels to rise as polar ice caps and glaciers begin to melt causing submergence of many coastal cities in many parts of the world.
(ii) There will be a drastic change in weather patterns bringing more floods or droughts in some areas.
(iii) Biological diversity may get modified, some species ranges get redefined. Tropics and sub-tropics may face the problem of decreased food production.