Archaeopteryx - connecting link between Reptiles and Aves.
Peripatus - Connecting link between Annelida and Arthropoda.

mRNA also have some additional sequences that are not translated and are referred to as Untranslated Regions (UTR). UTRs are present at both 5' end (before start codon) and at 3' end (after stop codon).

Soil has four major functions-
(i) medium for plant growth
(ii) means for water storage and purification
(iii) modifier of Earth's atmosphere
(iv) habitat for many organisms, which in turn modify the soil

Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson

Air pollutants can be
(i) discharge of dusts or particulate matter (PM: 2.5 and 10)
(ii) discharge of gases (SO_x, NO_x, CO and CO₂)

In eukaryotes, the promoter has AT rich regions called TATA box or Goldberg-Rogness box. It acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase.

Nucleoside	Nucleotide
Nucleoside subunit is composed of nitrogenous bases linked to a pentose sugar molecule.	Nucleotide subunit is composed of nitrogenous bases, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

Azospirillum and Azotobacter

Molasses, Com, Potatoes, Wood wastes

(i) LAB stands for Lactic Acid Bacteria
(ii) Examples for LAB: Lactobacillus lactis, Streptococcus lactis

(a) Extinct
(b) Endangered
(c) Extinct in wild
(d) Vulnerable

IgE (epsilon) antibody is responsible for allergic reaction.
Histamine and serotonin are the chemicals released during allergic reaction.

Attenuated recombinant vaccines includes genetically modified pathogenic organisms (bacteria or viruses) that are made nonpathogenic and are used as vaccines. Such vaccines are referred to as attenuated recombinant vaccines

After infection of RBC with sporozoite, when the RBC ruptures a toxic substance haemozoin is released which causes shivering chills and high fever followed by sweating

Red-green colour blindness or daltonism, haemophilia and Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

(i) The biological hydrogen production with algae is a method of photo biological water splitting.
(ii) In normal photosynthesis the alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii releases oxygen.
(iii) When it is deprived of sulfur, it switches to the production of hydrogen during photosynthesis and the electrons are transported to ferredoxins.
(iv) [Fe]-hydrogenase enzymes combine them into the production of hydrogen gas.

Palindrome is a sequence of nucleotide in DNA strands at the site which reads the same in 5'- 3' direction and in the 3'-5' direction.

Relaxin is a hormone secreted by the placenta during the later phase of pregnancy. It helps in relaxation of pelvis during childbirth

In a female, Bartholin's gland is homologous to Cowper's gland and Skene's gland is homologous to the prostate gland.

(a) Syphilis is caused by Treponema palladium
(b) Genital warts caused by Human Papilloma virus.

Sharbati Sonora is a mutant variety of wheat, which is developed from Mexican variety (Sonora 64) by irradiating of gamma rays.

Failure in the formation of synaptonemal complex leads to the. absence of crossing over to take place. It is noticed in certain male species of Drosophila.

Yes. If multiple fission produces four or many daughter individuals by equal cell division and the young ones do not separate until the process is complete, then this division is called repeated fission e.g. Vorticella

	Transverse binary fission	Longitudinal binary fission
a	Plane of division runs along the transverse axis of the organism	Plane of division runs along the longitudinal axis of the organism
b	Example: Paramecium	Example: Euglena

Extranuclear inheritance is due to genes located on the cytoplasmic organelles such as chloroplast and mitochondrion hence it is called cytoplasmic inheritance.

Mendel's theory of inheritance, known as the Particulate theory, establishes the existence of minute particles or hereditary units or factors, which are now called as genes.

(a) Flowers are small and inconspicuous
(b) Colorless
(c) Non-scented
(d) No nectar secretion

(a) Cactaceae - Circinotropous ovule
(b) Leguminosae - Campylotropous ovule
(c) Polygonaceae Orthotropous ovule
(d) Primulaceae - Hemianatropous ovule

The genetic ability of a plant cell to produce the entire plant under suitable conditions is said to be totipotency.

DNA, RNA, ATP and NADP.

(a) Partial stem parasite - E.g: Loranthus.
(b) Partial root parasite - E.g: Santalum.

Timber line is an imaginary line in a mountain or higher areas of land that marks the level above which trees do not grow. The altitudinal limit of normal tree growth is about 3000 to 4000 m.

The rate of biomass production per unit area in a unit time is called productivity. It can be expressed in terms of gm /m² /year or KcaVm²/ year.

(a) Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM)
(b) Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC)

(a) Murashige and Skoog medium
(b) Gamborg medium
(c) White medium
(d) Nitsch's medium

Domestication is the process of bringing a plant species under the control of humans and gradually changing it through careful selection, genetic alteration and handling so that it is more useful to people.

The plant species or plant community acts as a measure of environmental conditions, it is referred to as biological indicators or photo indicators or plant indicators. E.g: Lichens as SO₂ pollution indicator.

Paddy: Oryza sativa.
Wheat: Triticum aestivum.

Gene Mutation, Chromosomal mutation, Genetic recombination, Natural selection, Reproductive isolation.

(i) Tubectomy is the surgical sterilisation method in women.
(ii) Vasectomy is the surgical sterilisation method in male.

Habitat fragmentation is the process where a large, continuous area of habitat is both, reduced in area and divided into two or more fragments.
Eg. Fragmentation of habitats like forest land into crop lands, orchard lands, plantations, urban areas, industrial estates

The "Pasteur effect" is the inhibiting effect of oxygen on the fermentation process.

Niche of an organism can be defined as the total position and function of an individual in its environment.

Direct ELISA, Indirect ELISA, Sandwich ELISA and Competitive ELISA

The yolk sac forms a part of the gut and is the source of the earliest blood cells and blood vessels.

Formation of specific tissues, organs and organ systems from three germ layers is called Organogenesis.

(i) An organism which completes its life cycle in two hosts is said to be digenic,
(ii) Eg : plasmodium vivax which casues malaria is a digenic parasite invading man as secondary host and female Anopheles mosquito as primary host.

In plasmodium multiple fission occurs in the schizont and oocyte stages.

(i) Regeneration is regrowth in the injured region.
(ii) Regeneration is of two types
(a) morphallaxis
(b) epimorphosis.

(i) Rh factor is a immunogenic D antigen of the Rh blood group system found on the surface of the erythrocytes of Rhesus monkey and human beings. In the blood it is inherited as a dominant trait.
(ii) An individual having D antigen are Rh D (Rh") and those without D antigen are Rh D negative (Rh).

Helper T cells are a type of T lymphocytes and release a chemical called cytokine which activates B lymphocyte.