1. I recommend 'Henna' to him.
2. Because lacosone is harmless and causes no irritation to the skin.
3. It is derived from the plant Lawsonia inermis.
4. Other uses: used for hair and finger nails.
5. Used for colouring leather and horse tails

1. ELISA is based on the principle of antigen antibody interaction. Any infection caused by a pathogen can be detected by the presence of antigen (proteins, glycoproteins etc) or by detecting the antibodies synthesized against pathogen in the body fluid (blood) of the host/ person.
2. Yes one can use antibody against the enzyme that is responsible for the metabolism of phenylalanine to develop ELISA based on the diagnostic technique.
3. The patient in which the Enzyme, Protein complex is absent would give a negative result in ELISA when compared to the normal individual.

1. The growing of cells including the culture of single cells or small aggregates of cells in vitro in liquid medium is known as cell suspension culture.
2. The cell suspension is prepared by transferring a portion of callus to the liquid medium and agitated using rotary shaker instrument.
3. The cells are separated from the callus tissue and used for cell suspension culture.

(a) Transfer of an ovum collected from donor into the fallopian tube is called GIFT (Gamete Intra-fallopian transfer)
(b) Transferring of an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres into uterus is called IUT (Intra uterine transfer)
(c) Multi load 375 is a copper releasing IUD

(i) ECORI is from Escherichia ( E ) coli (co), strain RY 13 (R) & first endonuclease (I) to be discovered.
(ii) It contains 2 different antibiotics resistance genes & recognition site for several restriction enzymes.
(iii) This sequence is referred to as a restriction site & is generally -palindromic which means that the sequence in both DNA strands at this site read same in 5' - 3' direction & in-the 3'-5' direction.

(iv) The exact kind of cleavage produced by a restriction enzyme is important in the design of a gene cloning experiment.
(v) Some cleave both strands of DNA through the centre resulting in blunt or flush end.
(vi) These are known as symmetric cuts.
(vii) Some enzymes cut in a way producing protruding & recessed ends known as sticky or cohesive end.
(viii) These are known as staggered or asymmetric cuts.

1. The X chromosome which is common to male and female carries a number of genes. Such genes are called sex linked genes and the characters controlled by them are termed as sex-linked characters. The inheritance of sex linked genes or traits is known as sex linked inheritance.
2. Sex linked inherited traits are more common in males than females, because males are hemizygous (XY) and therefore express that traits when they inherit one mutant allele.
3. Any male receiving X linked recessive allele from his mother will express the trait as his y  chromosome has no corresponding allele.
4. If a recessive X linked gene causes disorder then more males than females have the disorder because the disorder is caused by a single allele in males. Their y chromosome does not carry any corresponding allele. So that sex linked recessive characters are mole in moles.

1. In Greek Parthenos means Virgin, Genesis means Produce.
2. Development of a haploid (n) egg into a complete individual without fertilization is known as parthenogenesis.
3. It was first discovered by Charles Bonnet in 1745.
4. Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in some invertebrates (e,g:) Nematodes, Water fleas, Scorpians, Parasitic (wasps).

  Grafting Layering Types Types of grafting Bud/Approach/Tongue
Crown/Wedge Types of layering mound / Air Benefits More useful to get more varieties from a single Plant Can get only one type of offspring Usage More useful in horticultural filed Less useful technique in horticultural field Result Can get highly desirable characters from parent stock to different scion Can get same characteristics from parent to offspring

The type of barrier that involves macrophages are the
(i) Phagocytic barriers which is a type of innate immunity.
(ii) In this mechanism, specialised cells such as monocytes, Neutrophils and tissue macro phages pha cytose and digest whole microorganisms.

Micro organisms are efficient in fixing nitrogen, solubilizing phosphate and decomposing cellulose. They improve soil fertility, plant growth. They are ecofriendly and cost-effective than chemical fertilizers. Example. Azospirillum.

Casuarina, Eucalyptus, Teak, Malai vembu.

There is a gradual decrease in energy transfer at successive tropic levels from producers to higher levels, hence the pyramid of energy is always upright.

The blue green light have short wavelength & penetrates into the water. Green algae is unable to use that component of light. Blue light can penetrate up to 500 ft depth therefore algae are unlikely to survive below that depth.

Soil formation is called pedogenesis soil is formed from rocks which are the parent materials of soil, by weathering and is called embryonic soil (So soil is an edaphic factor).

Green House Effect and Global warming:
Natural environment and climate are dynamic and keep changing over course of time. Reasons for climate change
a) Human population growth
b) Industrialization
c) Associated anthropological activities the changes.
Impact on Global Warming:
(i) Large-scale changes of global environment can lead to hazards, which may include climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, changes in ecosystems due to loss of biodiversity, changes in hydrological systems and the supplies of freshwater, land degradation, urbanization, and stress on food-producing systems.
(ii) Greenhouse gases (GHG) water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and some artificial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) causes greenhouse effect. The absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth
(iii) Global warming will have a significant impact on people and nature. As global average temperatures rise, precipitation patterns could be affected. Extreme wet and dry conditions can be expected (flooding and desertification). Coastal areas shall become more vulnerable to storm surges as sea level rises. Plant and animal species will migrate or disappear in response to climate change.
(iv) Global warming can directly affect the flora and fauna. This could also result in shortage of food and even lead to a food crisis and affect the health of the people and organisms.
Control Measures:
The UNO has several measures to control or reduce pollution. Through various conventions organized by UNO, the countries assured to take steps to control or reduce emissions by factories and automobiles.

There are three levels of biodiversity are
(1) Genetic diversity
(2) Species diversity and
(3) Community / Ecosystem diversity

BOD stands for Biological Oxygen Demand. BOD refers to the amount of oxygen that would be consumed if all the organic matter in one liter of water were oxidized by bacteria. The greater the BOD of the waste water, the more is its polluting potential.

There are 1.4 million locations where single base DNA differences (Called SNPs - Single Nucleotide Polymorphism - pronounce as snips) occurs in human's genome.
(i) By tracing human history
(ii) By finding chromosomal locations for disease associated sequences

Development of female gamete is called oogenesis. Oogenesis starts at the beginning of puberty.
Development of male gamete is called spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis starts at puberty

Missense Mutation Non-sense Mutation The mutation where the codon for one amino acid is changed into a codon for another amino acid. The mutations where codon for one amino acid is changed into a termination or stop codon.

(i) An infection or tissue injury usually causes redness (rubber), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor). and production of heat (color) that may result in fever
(ii) Such localised expression is called inflammatory response, which occur due to release of certain chemical alarm signals such as histamine and prostaglandins.

(i) Back cross is a cross of F, hybrid with any one of the parental genotypes. 
(ii) They are of two types - Dominant back cross recessive back cross.

1. There are five basic processes that affect the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and cause variations at genetic level.
2. These include (i) Mutation (ii) recombination (iii) Gene migration (iv) Genetic drift and (v) natural selection.
3. Among the above five processes, lets discuss how mutation, natural selection and genetic drift affect Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.
(a) Mutation:
1. Mutation are sudden heritable changes in the characteristics of the organisms.
2. These mutations are random (indiscriminate) with respect to the adoptive needs of organisms.
3. Most mutations are harmful or with no effects (neutral) on their bearers.
4. However under changed environmental conditions, the alleles, which were previously harmful or neutral may become advantageous.
5. The rate of mutation is very slow usually one mutation occurs in a million still these mutation rates are sufficient to create considerable genetic variation.
6. Mutations help in maintaining variations within population.
7. Mutation also introduce new genes and alleles into the gene pool (sum total of all genotypes or alleles found in a population).
8. It is the gene pool in which new genes are added or removed. This variability of genes (or) alleles in a gene pool, then serve as a raw material for evolutionary changes.
9. The accumulation of many mutations over hundreds of generation cause large scale changes.
(b) Natural selection
1. Natural selection is the most important evolutionary process that brings about changes in allele frequencies.
Definition
1. The process of differential reproduction that lead to differential contribution of genotypes to the gene pool of the next generation.
2. Natural selection results a change in allele frequencies of a population.
(c) Genetic drift
1. It refers to the elimination of certain genes in a small isolated population either due to intensive inbreeding causing permanent fixation of some genes or death of a small section of population by natural calamity.
Definition
1. The random changes in the allele frequency occurring by chance alone are called genetic drift.
2. This means that the alleles that form the gene pool of the next generation are a sample of the allele from current generation.
3. Sampling errors (chances) often lead to the elimination of certain alleles and fixation by others thus reducing the genetic variability of the population.
4. The effect of genetic drift is very small in large but can be large in a small population.
5. Thus these forces that change the allele and genotypic frequencies in a population and so called evolutionary agents.
6. As long as Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium remains constant the evolution cannot occur since the genetic equilibrium is a sort of inertia whose tendency is rather conservative. Evolution become possible only if the inertia is overcome or the equilibrium is broken.