Artificial propagation of higher plants used by man for a very long time are called conventional methods
1) Cutting
The cut parts from (root, stem, leaf) parent plant are grown in suitable medium. They grow into new plants
Example:
(i) Root Cutting - Malus.
(ii) Stem Cutting - Hibiscus.
(iii) Leaf cutting - Begonia.
2) Grafting
 Parts of two different plants are joined so that they continue to grow as one plant of the two plants the plant which is in contact with the soil is called stock the plant used for grafting is called scion.
Example:
(i) Citrus, Mango.
(ii) There are different types of grafting based on the method of uniting the scion and stock.
Layering
The stem of the parent plant is allowed to develop roots while still intact. After the roots formation rooted part is cut and planted to grow as a new plant.
Example:
Ixora, Jasminum
It is of two types - Mound / Air layering.

Vectors which are suitable for expressing foreign proteins are called expression vectors.
This vector consists of signals necessary for transcription and translation of proteins in the host.
This helps the host to produce foreign protein in large amounts. Example: pUC 19.

Failure in the formation of synaptonemal complex leads to the. absence of crossing over to take place. It is noticed in certain male species of Drosophila.

Since coconut seed possesses endosperm, It is called as albmunious seed. Endosperm nourishes the embryo during seed germination.

(a) Filiform apparatus helps in absorption conduction of nutrients from nucellus to embryo sac
(b) It guides the pollen tube into the egg.

The components of gaseous cycle are placed in atmosphere E.g: Oxygen in air, whereas in sedimentary cycle, the components are present inion Earth. E.g: Phosphorous in rocks.

Mutualism is an interaction between two species of organisms in which both are benefitted from the obligate association. E.g: Lichens (alga with fungus).

Cybrid is a cytoplasmic hybrid obtained by the fusion of cytoplasm of cells of different parental sources; a term applied to the fusion of cytoplasms of two different protoplasts.

(a) Cassia fistula
(b) Sesbania grandiflora
(c) Azadirachta indica
(d) Pongamia pinnata

(i) Petunia species act as indicators for Nitrate pollution.
(ii) Gladiolus species acts as indicators for Fluoride pollution.

Cereals belong to the family Poaceae.
Pulses belong to the family Fabaceae.

A - Chromosomes
B - Nucleoli
C - Nucleus
D - Longitudinal furrow
E - Nuclear constriction
F - Daughter Euglena

(i) Regeneration is regrowth in the injured region.
(ii) Regeneration is of two types
(a) morphallaxis
(b) epimorphosis.

Lymph nodes, appendix, peyer's patches of gastrointestinal tract, tonsils, adenoids, spleen are examples of secondary lymphoid organs.

The thymus is a flat and bilobed organ located behind the sternum, above the heart.

Organic farming is an alternative agricultural system in which plants/crops are cultivated in natural ways by using biological inputs to maintain soil fertility and ecological balance thereby minimizing pollution and wastage.

A desert has little or no plant life without plants, there is no organic horizon in the soil leading to a low level of water retention that is unsuitable for plant growth.

Stenohaline Animals	Euryhaline Animals
The animals which show tolerance only to a narrow range of salinities.	The animals which, can tolerate a wide range of salinities
Their distributional range is limited.	Their distribution shows a wide range

The naturally occurring greenhouse gases in the air, mainly carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour trap radiation from the sun and act like a thermal blanket around our planet earth. Without the greenhouse gases, the earth would have an average temperature of -180 c and be covered in ice. The greenhouse effect keeps the earth warm enough to sustain life.

The genes present in the differential region of Y chromosome are called Y- linked or holandric genes. The Y linked genes have no corresponding allele on X chromosome. The Y linked genes inherit along with Y chromosome and they are phenotypically express only in the male sex.

Missense Mutation Non-sense Mutation The mutation where the codon for one amino acid is changed into a codon for another amino acid. The mutations where codon for one amino acid is changed into a termination or stop codon.

(i) An infection or tissue injury usually causes redness (rubber), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor). and production of heat (color) that may result in fever
(ii) Such localised expression is called inflammatory response, which occur due to release of certain chemical alarm signals such as histamine and prostaglandins.

Parthenogenesis is the phenomenon in which female gamete directly develops into a new organism. (e,g:) Honeybee (male or drone).

(i) Hugo de Vries of Holland
(ii) Carl Correns of Germany
(iii) Erich von Tschermak of Austria

Amniocentesis: It is a prenatal technique used to detect any chromosomal abnormalities in the foetus and it is being often misused to determine the sex of the foetus.
Once the sex of the foetus is known, there may be a chance of female foeticide. Hence a statutory ban on amniocentesis is imposed.