About 150 liters of wastewater at an average is generated by an Indian individual daily, and a large amount of it is generated from toilets. Ecological sanitation (EcoSan) is a sustainable system for handling human excreta by using dry composting toilets. EcoSan toilets not only reduce wastewater generation but also generate the natural fertiliser from recycled human excreta, which forms an excellent substitute for chemical fertilisers. This method is based on the principle of recovery and recycling of nutrients from excreta to create a valuable supply for agriculture. 'EcoSan' toilets are being used in several parts of India and Sri Lanka.

The Chipko movement resisted the destruction of forests of India in the 1970s. Sunder lal Bahuguna was the leader of this movement. People in the movement hugged the trees, and prevented felling of trees by contractors.

CO in the atmosphere interferes with O₂ transport since haemoglobin has greater affinity for carbon monoxide. At low concentration it causes headache and blurred vision. In higher concentration, it can lead to coma and death

(i) Amrita Devi was a brave lady from Khejarli village of Jodhpur District, Rajasthan. She sacrificed her life to maintain Bishnoi Dharma. In 1730, Maharaja Abhay Singh, ruler of Marwar, Rajasthan state wanted to log green Khejri (Prosopis cineraria) trees to burn lime for the construction of his new palace. Since there was a lot of greenery in the Bishnoi villages even in the middle of Thar Desert, the king ordered his men to get the wood from Khejri trees. When she came to know about the cutting of trees by the King's men, she and many others had hugged the Khejri trees to save from cutting. But king's men killed Amrita Devi along with more than 363 other Bishnois. It was a Tuesday, black Tuesday in Khejarli. This incident took place to save trees and is recorded in India's history.
(ii) To commemorate her bravery, the Government of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh have initiated the prestigious state level award named as 'Amrita Devi Bishnoi Smriti Award' for excellent contribution to the protection and conservation of wildlife.  

Smog is a type of air pollution caused by tiny particles in the air. The word comes from a mixture of the words smoke and fog.
(i) Smog generally refers to photochemical smog, which is created when sunlight reacts with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds found in fossil fuel emissions from automobiles, factories and power plants.
(ii) These reactions create ground-level ozone and particulate matter, reducing visibility.
(iii) Smog can make breathing more difficult, especially for people with asthma.
(iv) Smog also affects plants and animals. It damages crops as well as causes health problems in pets, farm animals and human beings.
(v) Smog has also been known to cause corrosive damage to buildings and vehicles.

Chemicals which are used in agriculture for growth of plants and pest control are called agrochemicals or agrichemicals. Overuse of agrochemicals have been observed to generate residues that cause nutrient imbalance, and
(i) May kill beneficial bacteria and soil organisms.
(ii) Can cause eutrophication in water bodies.
(iii) Affect aquatic animals and their productivity.
(iv) Pesticide containing water, even in trace quantities is unfit for human consumption.
(v) Particles (aerosols) and residues of these chemicals cause air pollution.
(vi) Inhalation of contaminated air can cause respiratory problems.
(vii) Consumption can lead to poisoning, side effects and after effects.
(viii) Chemicals can cause skin rashes and irritation of eyes.
(ix) Many of these chemicals are reported to be carcinogenic.
(x) They can trigger hormonal disorders and neurotoxicity.
(xi) Beneficial insects and animals can be affected.

(i) Catalytic converter:
1. Used in automobiles for reducing emission of harmful gases.
2. They have expensive metals like platinum, palladium and rhodium as catalysts.
3. As the exhaust passes through the catalytic converter, unburnt hydrocarbons are converted to CO₂ and water, carbon monoxide & nitric oxide are changed into CO₂ & nitrogen gas respectively.
4. Vehicles fitted with catalytic convertor must use unleaded petrol as lead will inactivate the catalyst.
(ii) Ecosan toilets
1. Ecological sanitation, commonly abbreviated as ecosan, is an approach to sanitation provision which aims to safely reuse excreta in agriculture.
2. It desires to close the loop' mainly for the nutrients and organic matter between sanitation and agriculture

(a) iii

B. If both A and Rare true but R is not the correct explanation for A

Dobson Unit

(i) 1992: Earth summit, Rio de Janeiro. Agenda 21, otherwise called Rio conference, Brazil
(ii) 1997: Kyoto Protocol, Japan.