(a) Forensic analysis
(b) Pedigree analysis
(c) Conservation of wildlife
(d) Anthropological studies

(a) Self replication
(b) Information storage
(c) Stability
(d) Variation through mutation

A - \(5^{\prime} \rightarrow 3^{\prime}\) is called a coding strand.
B - \(3^{\prime} \rightarrow 5^{\prime}\) is called a template strand.

(i) DNA acts as a genetic material. However, in some viruses like Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), bacteriophage θB, RNA acts as the genetic material. A molecule that can act as a genetic material should have the following properties:
(ii) Self Replication: It should be able to replicate. According to the rule of base pairing and complementarity, both nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) have the ability to direct duplications. Proteins fail to fulfill this criteria.
(iii) It should be stable structurally and chemically. The genetic material should be stable enough not to change with different stages of life cycle, age or with change in physiology of the organism.
(iv) Griffith's transforming principle, Heat which killed the bacteria did not destroy some of the properties of genetic material. In DNA the two strands being complementary, if separated (denatured) by heating can come together (renaturation) when appropriate condition is provided.
(v) Further 2' OH group present at every nucleotide in RNA is a reactive group that makes RNA liable and easily degradable. RNA is also known to be catalytic and reactive.
(vi) Hence DNA is chemically more stable and chemically less reactive when compared to RNA.
(vii) Presence of thymine instead of uracil in DNA confers additional stability to DNA.
(viii) It should be able to express itself in the form of Mendelian characters ', RNA can directly code for protein synthesis DNA, however depends on RNA for synthesis of proteins.
(ix) Both DNA and RNA can act as a genetic material, but DNA- being more stable stores the genetic information and RNA transfers the genetic information
(x) Variation through mutation: It should be able to mutate. Both DNA and RNA are able to mutate. RNA being unstable, mutates at a faster rate.

(a) Replicating fork of DNA
(b)

(c) Source of Energy:
NTP's are used in the synthesis of RNA primers and ATP is used as an energy source for some of the enzymes, needed to initiate and sustain DNA synthesis occurs at the replication fork.
Enzymes involved in replication :
(i) DNA Helicase
(ii) DNA polymerase
(iii) Topoisomerase/DNA Gyrase
(iv) DNA ligase
(v) Primase
(d) Both the strands of (parental) DNA act as template for the synthesis of new strands
1. On the templates strand with \(3^{\prime} \rightarrow 5^{\prime}\) polarity the new strand (leading strand) is synthesized as a continuous stretch. It is called continuous synthesis (DNA polymerase carryout polymerisation).
2. On the other strand \(5^{\prime} \rightarrow 3^{\prime}\) polarity DNA synthesized as short stretches; it is called discontinuous synthesis.
3. Later the short stretches of DNA are joined by DNA-ligases into a continuous strand called lagging strand.

Human genome project was considered to be a mega project because
1. It had a specific goal to sequence for everybase pair present in the human genome. (Human Genome has 3.1647 billion nucleotide base pairs).
2. It took around 13 years of completion and got accomplished in year 2006.
3. It was a large-scale project, which aimed at developing new technology and generating new information in the field of genomic studies.
4. As a result of it, several news areas and avenues have opened up in the field of genetics, biotechnology and medical sciences.
5. It provided clues regarding the understanding of human biology.

(d) ii only

D. Both A and R are false

b) iii

(b) 70 S
Reason: 70S ribosomes are found in prokaryotes whereas the others denote the ribosome and its subunits in eukaryotes.

repetitive DNA

Phosphodiester 

The stop codons serve to indicate the termination of protein synthesis. Therefore when any one of the stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) appear on the mRNA. It will signal the action of GTP dependent release factor which cleaves the polypeptide chain from the terminal tRNA. The tRNA will further be released from ribosomes.

The 5' end of the mRNA of prokaryotes has a special sequence which precedes the initial AUG start codon of mRNA. This ribosome binding site is called the Shine - Dalgamo equence or S-D sequence.