Modern biotechnology
(i) There are two main features of this technology, that differentiated it from the conventional technology are its
i) ability to change the genetic material for getting new products with specific requirements through recombinant DNA technology
ii) ownership of the newly developed technology and its social impact.
(ii) Modern biotechnology embraces all methods of genetic modification by recombinant DNA and cell fusion technology.
The major focus of biotechnology are
(i) Fermentation for production of acids, enzymes, alcohols, antibiotics, fine chemicals, vitamins and toxins
(ii) Biomass for bulk production of single cell protein , alcohol, and biofuel
(iii) Enzymes as biosensors, in processing industry
(iv) Biofuels for production of hydrogen, alcohol, methane
(v) Microbial inoculants as biofertilizer, and nitrogen fixers
(vi) Plant and animal cell culture for production of secondary metabolites, monoclonal antibodies
(vii) Recombinant DNA technology for production of fine chemicals, enzymes, vaccines, growth hormones, antibiotics, and interferon.
(viii) Process engineering - tools of biotechnology is used for effluent treatment , water recycling.

Mostly cloning vectors have more than one restriction sites. These are called as Multiple Cloning Site (MCS) or polylinkers. Presence of MCS facilitates the use of restriction enzyme of choice.

Biopiracy can be defined as the manipulation of intellectual property rights laws by corporations to gain exclusive control over national genetic resources, without giving adequate recognition or remuneration to the original possessors of those resources.

(i) Bioventing is the process that increases the oxygen or air flow to accelerate the degradation of environmental pollutants.
(ii) Bioaugmentation is the addition of selected microbes to speed up degradation process.

(i) PEG - Poly Ethylene Glycol
(ii) PHB - Poly Hydroxy Butyrate

GM Food - Benefits:
(i) High yield without pest.
(ii) 70% reduction of pesticide usage.
(iii) Reduce soil pollution problem.
(iv) Conserve microbial population in soil.

Vectors which are suitable for expressing foreign proteins are called expression vectors.
This vector consists of signals necessary for transcription and translation of proteins in the host.
This helps the host to produce foreign protein in large amounts. Example: pUC 19.

Vectors are of two types:
i) Cloning Vector, and ii) Expression Vector.
Cloning vector is used for the cloning of DNA insert inside the suitable host cell. Expression vector is used to express the DNA insert for producing specific protein inside the host.

5' CATTATATAATG 3'
3' GTAATATATTAC 5'

Palindrome is a sequence of nucleotide in DNA strands at the site which reads the same in 5'- 3' direction and in the 3'-5' direction.

A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within the molecule known as restriction sites.

Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Dextran Sulphate.

Restriction endonuclease. e.g: Hind II, EcoR I, Pvul, Bam H I, Taq I.

Spirulina can be grown easily on materials like waste water from potato processing plants (containing starch), straw, molasses, animal manure and even sewage, to produce large quantities.

(i) ECORI is from Escherichia ( E ) coli (co), strain RY 13 (R) & first endonuclease (I) to be discovered.
(ii) It contains 2 different antibiotics resistance genes & recognition site for several restriction enzymes.
(iii) This sequence is referred to as a restriction site & is generally -palindromic which means that the sequence in both DNA strands at this site read same in 5' - 3' direction & in-the 3'-5' direction.

(iv) The exact kind of cleavage produced by a restriction enzyme is important in the design of a gene cloning experiment.
(v) Some cleave both strands of DNA through the centre resulting in blunt or flush end.
(vi) These are known as symmetric cuts.
(vii) Some enzymes cut in a way producing protruding & recessed ends known as sticky or cohesive end.
(viii) These are known as staggered or asymmetric cuts.