It is a technique of encasing seeds in a mixture of clay & soil humus & scattering them on to suitable ground, not planting of trees manually.

1. Sometimes, ants take their shelter on some trees such as mango, litchi, jamun, acacia etc.
2. These ants act as body guards of the plants against any disturbing agent and the plants in turn provide food and shelter to these ants.
3. This phenomenon is known as Myrmecophily.
Example: Acacia and, Acacia ants.

1. The outer bark of trees which extends to the last formed periderm is called rhytidome.
2. It is composed of multiple layers of suberized periderm, cortical & phloem tissues.
3. It protects the stem against fire, water loss, invasion of insects & prevents infection by microorganisms.

The plant, Ophrys orchid, the flower looks like a female insect to attract the make insect to get pollinated by the male insect.

1. Lichen is a mutual association of an alga & a fungus.
2. It is an interaction between two species of organisms in which both are benefitted from the obligate association.

Thermal Stratification
It is usually found in aquatic habitat. The change in the temperature profile with increasing depth in a water body is called thermal stratification. There are three kinds of thermal stratifications.

1. Epilimnion - The upper layer of warmer water.
2. Metalimnion - The middle layer with a zone of gradual decrease in temperature.
3. Hypolimnion - The bottom layer of colder water.

(a) Life cycle is completed within a short period (Ephemerals)
(b) In succulents the stem possess a water storage region
(c) Root hairs & root caps are also well developed

1. Many herbivores are predators. Cattles, camels, goats etc., frequently browse on the tender shoots of herbs, shrubs and trees. Generally annuals suffer more than the perennials. Grazing and browsing may cause remarkable changes in vegetation. Nearly 25 percent of all insects are known as phytophagous (feeds on plant sap and other Parts of Plant).
2. Many defense mechanisms are evolved to avoid their predations by plants. Examples:  Calotropis produces highly poisonous cardiac glycosides, tobacco produces nicotine, coffee plants produce caffeine, Cinchona plant produces quinine. Thorns of Bougainvillea,  spines of Opuntia, and latex of cacti also protect them from Predators.

1. Cuscuta is a total stem parasite of the host plant Acacia, Duranta and many other plants Cuscuta even gets flower inducing hormone from its host Plant.
2. Balanophora, orobanche and Refflesia are the total root parasites found on higher plants.

(a) Mutualism: It is an interaction between two species of organisms in which both are benefitted from the obligate association. The following are common examples of mutualism.
(b) Nitrogen fixation : Rhizobium (Bacterium) forms nodules in the roots of leguminous plants and lives symbiotically. The Rhizobium obtains food from leguminous plant and in turn fixes atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate, making it available to host plants.
Other examples:
Water fern (Azolla) and Nitrogen fixing Cyanobacterium (Anabaena) .