To get mono bromo compounds, -NH₂ is first acylated to reduce its activity.

Two possible isomers of C₃H₆O are
\(\underset { \overset { (A) }{ Acetone } }{ { CH }_{ 3 }CO{ CH }_{ 3 } } \quad \underset { \overset { (B) }{ Propanal } }{ { CH }_{ 3 }{ CH }_{ 2 }CHO } \) 
\(\\ \underset { \quad \quad (A)\\ Proponal }{ { CH }_{ 3 }CO{ CH }_{ 3 } } \overset { { I }_{ 2 }/NaOH\Delta }{ \underset { Iodo\ form\ \\ reaction }{ \longrightarrow } } \underset { Sodium\\ acetate }{ { CH }_{ 3 }COONa } +\underset { Iodoform\\ Yellow\ ppt }{ { CHI }_{ 3 } } \) 
\(\underset { \quad \quad \quad (B)\\ Propanal }{ { CH }_{ 3 }{ CH }_{ 2 }CHO } \overset { { I }_{ 2 }/NaOH }{ \underset { \Delta }{ \longrightarrow } } No\quad ppt\quad of\quad { CHI }_{ 3 }\) 
Acetone answers Iodo form test whereas proponal does not.

When alkylcyanides are reduced using SnCl₂ HCl, imines are formed, which on hydrolysis gives corresponding aldehyde.
\({ CH }_{ 3 }-C\equiv N\overset { { SnCl }_{ 2 }/HCl }{ \longrightarrow } { CH }_{ 3 }-CH={ NH }\overset { { H }_{ 3 }{ O }^{ + } }{ \longrightarrow } { CH }_{ 3 }-CHO\)

The free radical polymeristion of the monomer, 2-c Woro buta -1,3-diene( chloroprene) gives neoprene.

It is superior to rubber and resistant to chemical action.
Uses: It is used in the manufacture of chemical containers, conveyer belts

(i) Aroma compounds
(ii) Food colours
(iii) Preservatives
(iv) Stabilizers
(v) Artificial Sweeteners
(vi) Antioxidants
(vii) Buffering substances
(viii) Vitamins and minerals

Glucose gets oxidized to gluconic acid with mild oxidizing agents like bromine water suggesting that the carbonyl group is an aldehyde group.

On heating phenol with phthalic anhydride in presence of con.H₂SO₄ phenolphthalein is obtained.

(i) In the concentrated ore, the metal exists in positive oxidation state and hence it is to be reduced to its elemental state.
(ii) From the principles of thermodynamics; that the reduction of oxide is easier when compared to reduction of other compounds of metal and hence, before reduction, the are is first converted into the oxide of metal of interest.

(i) In transition series, as we move down from Ti to Zn, the standard reduction potential E⁰_M²⁺/M³ value is approaching towards less negative value and copper has a positive reduction potential, i. e. elemental copper is more stable than Cu²⁺.
(ii) E⁰_M²⁺/M value for manganese and zinc are more negative than regular trend. It is due to extra stability arises due to the half filled d⁵ configuration in Mn²⁺ and completely filled d¹⁰ configuration in Zn²⁺.
(iii) The standard electrode potential for the M³⁺/M²⁺ half cell gives the relative stability between M³⁺ and M²⁺.
(iv) The high reduction potential of Mn³⁺/Mn²⁺ indicates Mn²⁺ is more stable than Mn³⁺.
(v) Mn³⁺ has a 3d⁴ configuration while that of Mn²⁺ is 3d⁵. The extra stability associated with a half filled d sub-shell makes the reduction of Mn³⁺ very feasible \(\left[\mathrm{E}^{\circ}=+1.51 \mathrm{~V}\right]\).

(i) Gangue: The ores are associated with nonmetallic impurities, rocky materials and siliceous matter which are collectively known as gangue.
Eg: SiO₂ is the gangue present in the iron ore (Fe₂O₃)
(ii) Slag: In the smelting process, a flux combines with Silica gangue forming slag.
CaO_(s) + SiO_2(s) → CaSiO_3(s)
Flux     + gangue → Slag

Electronic configuration of Ti = 3d²4s²
Electronic configuration of Ti³⁺ =3d¹
Hence number of unpaired electron = 1
Spin only magnetic moment \((\mu)=\sqrt{\mathrm{n}(\mathrm{n}+2)}\)
= \(\sqrt{1(1+2)} \)
= \(\sqrt{3}\) 
=1.732 BM
Electronic configuration of \(\mathrm{Mn}=3 \mathrm{~d}^{5} 4 \mathrm{~s}^{2}\)
Electronic configuration of \(\mathrm{Mn}^{2+}=3 \mathrm{~d}^{5}\)
Hence number of unpaired electrons = 5
Spin only magnetic moment 
\((\mu) =\sqrt{5(5+2)}\)
= 5.92 BM

Argon prevents the oxidation of hot filament and prolongs the life in filament bulbs.

Chlorine is prepared by the action of conc. sulphuric acid on chlorides in presence of manganese dioxide
4NaCl + MnO₂ + 4H₂SO₄ \(\longrightarrow \)Cl₂+ MnCl₂ +4NaHSO₄ + 2H₂O

Diborane adds on to alkenes and alkynes in ether solvent at room temperature. This reaction is called hydroboration.
\({ B }_{ 2 }{ H }_{ 6 }+6RCH=CHR\longrightarrow 2B(RCH_2-{ CH }R)_{ 3 }B\)

(i) To understand how a soap works as a cleansing agent, let us consider sodium palmitate an example of a soap. The cleansing action of soap is directly related to the structure of carboxylate ions (palmitate ion) present in soap. The structure of palmitate exhibit dual polarity. The hydrocarbon portion is non polar and the carboxyl portion is polar.

(ii) The nonpolar portion is hydrophobic while the polar end is hydrophilic. The hydrophobic hydro carbon portion is soluble in oils and greases, but not in water. The hydrophilic carboxylate group is soluble in water.
(iii) The dirt in the cloth is due to the presence of dust particles intact or grease which stick. When the soap is added to an oily or greasy part of the cloth, the hydrocarbon part of the soap dissolve in the grease, leaving the negatively charged carboxylate end exposed on the grease surface.
(iv) At the same time the negatively charged carboxylate groups are strongly attracted by water, thus leading to the formation of small droplets called micelles and grease is floated away from the solid object. When the water is rinsed away, the grease goes with it. As a result, the cloth gets free from dirt and the droplets are washed away with water. The micelles do not combine into large drops because their surfaces are all negatively charged and repel each other. The cleansing ability of a soap depends upon its tendency to act as a emulsifying agent between water and water insoluble greases.

The cleansing action of detergents are similar to cleansing action of soap. Eg: the structure of a cationic detergents is:

A drug is a substance that is used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient. It is used for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention, cure/relief of a disease.
a) Classification of drugs:
Drugs are classified based on their properties such as chemical structure, pharmacological effect, target system, site of action etc.
b) Classification based on the chemical structure:
In this classification, drugs with a common chemical skeleton are classified into a single group. For example, ampicillin, amoxicillin, methicillin etc.. all have similar structure and are classified into a single group called penicillin. Similarly, we have other group of drugs such as opiates, steroids, catecholamines etc. Compounds having similar chemical structure are expected to have similar chemical properties. However, their biological actions are not always similar. For example, all drugs belonging to penicillin group have same biological action, while groups such as barbiturates, steroids etc.. have different biological action.
Penicillins

Classification based on Pharmacological effect:
In this classification, the drugs are grouped based on their biological effect that they produce on the recipient. For example, the medicines that have the ability to kill the pathogenic bacteria are grouped as antibiotics. This kind of grouping will provide the full range of drugs that can be used for a particular condition (disease). The physician has to carefully choose a suitable medicine from the available drugs based on the clinical condition of the recipient.
Examples:
Antibiotic drugs: amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefixime, cefpodoxime, erythromycin, tetracycline etc.. Antihypertensive drugs: propranolol, atenolol, metoprolol succinate, amlodipine etc...
Classification based on the target system (drug action):
In this classification, the drugs are grouped based on the biological system/process, that they target in the recipient. This classification is more specific than the pharmacological classification. For example, the antibiotics streptomycin and erythromycin inhibit the protein synthesis (target process) in bacteria and are classified in a same group. However, their mode of action is different. Streptomycin inhibits the initiation of protein synthesis, while erythromycin prevents the incorporation of new amino acids to the protein.
Classification based on the site of action (molecular target):
The drug molecule interacts with biomolecules such as enzymes, receptors etc, which are referred as drug targets. We can classify the drug based on the drug target with which it binds. This classification is highly specific compared to the others. These compounds often have a common mechanism of action, as the target is the same.

(i) Collision theory is based on the kinetic theory of gases. According to this theory, a chemical reaction occurs as a result of collisions between the reacting molecules.
(ii) Let us understand this theory by considering the following reaction.
A₂(g) + B₂(g) ⟶ 2AB(g)
(iii) If we consider that, the reaction between A₂ and B₂ molecules proceeds through collisions between them, then the rate would be proportional to the number of collisions per second.
(iv) Rate ∝ number of molecules colliding per litre per second (collision rate).
(v) The number of collisions is directly proportional to the concentration of both A₂ and B₂.
Collison rate ∝ [A₂][B₂]
Collision rate = Z [A₂][B₂]
(vi) Where, Z is a constant
(vii) A fraction of effective collisions (f) is given by the following expression
\(f={ e }^{ \frac { { -E }_{ a } }{ RT } }\)
(xiv) This fraction of collisions is further reduced due to orientation factor i.e., even if the reactant collides with sufficient energy, they will not react unless the orientation of the reactant molecules is suitable for the formation of the transition state.
(viii) The diagram illustrates the importance of proper alignment of molecules which leads to reaction.

(ix) The fraction of effective collisions (f) having proper orientation is given by the steric factor p.
⇒ Rate = p x f x collision rate
\(\Rightarrow Rate=p\times { e }^{ \frac { -Ea }{ RT } }\times Z\left[ { A }_{ 2 } \right] \left[ { B }_{ 2 } \right] \quad ...(1)\)
As per the rate law,
Rate = \(k=\left[ { A }_{ 2 } \right] \left[ { B }_{ 2 } \right] \quad ...(2)\)
Where k is the rate constant
On comparing equation (1) and (2), the rate constant k is
\(k=pZ{ e }^{ \frac { -Ea }{ RT } }\)