A catalyst provides a new path to the reaction with low activation energy. i.e., it lowers the activation energy.

The complex is [M(H₂O)₅Cl]Cl₂
1000 ml of 1 M solution of the complex gives 2 moles of Cl^- ions 1000 ml of 0.01 M solution of the complex will give 
\(\frac{100 ml \times 0.01M \times 2Cl^-}{1000 ml \times 1M}\)
= 0.002 moles of Cl^- ions

(i) Nitrogen is separated industrially from liquid air by fractional distillation.
(ii) Pure nitrogen gas can be obtained by the thermal decomposition of sodium azide about 575K.
\(2Na{ N }_{ 3 }\longrightarrow 2Na+{ 3N }_{ 2 }\)

Distillation, liquation, electrolytic refining, zone refining, vapour phase method, van -Arkel method

(i) CFSE is higher when the complex contains strong field ligand as per spectro chemical series.
(ii) Thus, crystal field splitting energy increases in the order 
[CrCI₆]^3- <   [Cr(NH₃)₆]³⁺ <  [Cr(CN)₆]^3-, Because the order of field strength is Cl^- < NH³ < CN^-

The imperfection occurs due to missing atoms, displaced atoms or extra atoms, is named as a point defect. Such defects arise due to imperfect packing during the original crystallisation or they may arise from thermal vibrations of atoms at elevated temperatures.

(i) Zeolites are three-dimensional crystalline solids containing Al, Si and O in their regular three dimensional framework.
(ii) They are hydrated sodium alumino silicates with general formula Na₂O(AI₂O₃).·x(SiO₂)·yH₂O
(x = 2 to 10; y = 2 to 6).
(iii) Zeolites have porous structure in which the monovalent sodium ions and water molecules are loosely held.
(iv) The Si and Al atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated with each other through shared oxygen atoms.
(v) Zeolites are similar to clay minerals but they differ in their crystalline structure.
(vi) Zeolites have a three dimensional crystalline structure looks like a honeycomb consisting of a network of interconnected tunnels and cages.
(vii) Water molecules moves freely in and out of these pores but the zeolite framework remains rigid
(viii) Another special aspect of this structure is that the pore/channel sizes are nearly uniform, allowing the crystal to act as a molecular sieve.

This method is commonly used to concentrate sulphide ores such as galena (PbS), zinc blende (ZnS) etc.
In this method, the metallic ore particles which are preferentially wetted by oil can be separated from gangue.

In this extraction, a basic flux, quick lime (CaO) is used, since the silica gangue present in the ore is acidic in nature. The quick lime combines with it to form calcium silicate (slag).
CaO_(s) + Sio_2(s) ⟶ CaSio_3(s)
Flux       Gangue    Slag

(i) When potassium dichromate is heated with any chloride salt in the presence of Conc. H₂SO₄, orange red vapours of chromyl chloride (CrO₂CI₂) is evolved.
(ii) This reaction is used to confirm the presence of chloride ion in inorganic qualitative analysis

(iii) The chromyl chloride vapours are dissolved in sodium hydroxide solution and then acidified with acetic acid and treated with lead acetate. A yellow precipitate of lead chromate is obtained

(i) Gold, one of the expensive and precious metals. It is used for coinage, and has been used as standard for monetary systems in some countries.
(ii) It is used extensively in jewellery in its alloy form with copper.
(iii) It is also used in electroplating to cover other metals with a thin layer of gold which are used in watches, artificial limb joints, cheap jewellery, dental fillings and electrical connectors.
(iv) Gold nanoparticles are also used for increasing the efficiency of solar cells and also used an catalysts.

Roasting	Calcination
Roasting is a process which ore is heated in the presence of excess of air.	Calcination is a process in which ore is heated in the absence of air.
As a result of roasting the sulphide ores are converted into their oxides.	As a result of calcination, the carbonal ore is converted into its oxide.
\(2PbS+3O2\overset { \Delta }{ \longrightarrow } PbO+{ 2SO }_{ 2 }\uparrow \)	\(PbCO\overset { \Delta }{ \longrightarrow } PbO+{ CO }_{ 2 }\uparrow \)
Roasting removes impurities such as arsenic, sulphur phosphorous by converting them into their volatile oxides \(4As+{ 3O }_{ 2 }\longrightarrow { 2As }_{ 2 }{ O }_{ 3 }\)	During calcination of hydrated ore, the water of hydration is expelled as vapour.

(i) Its small size
(ii) Its high electronegativity
(iii) Its high ionisation energy
(iv) Non-availability of d-orbital in the valence shell.
(v) Rather inert
(vi) High bond energy

(i) Silicones are used for low temperature lubrication and in vacuum pumps, high temperature oil baths etc.
(ii) They are used for making water proofing clothes.
(iii) They are used as insulting material in electrical motor and other appliances.
(iv) They are mixed with paints and enamels to make them resistant towards high temperature, sunlight, dampness and chemicals.

(i) Gangue: The ores are associated with nonmetallic impurities, rocky materials and siliceous matter which are collectively known as gangue.
Eg: SiO₂ is the gangue present in the iron ore (Fe₂O₃)
(ii) Slag: In the smelting process, a flux combines with Silica gangue forming slag.
CaO_(s) + SiO_2(s) → CaSiO_3(s)
Flux     + gangue → Slag

Given data:
k₁ = 2.45 x 10^-5 sec^-1; T₁ = 273 K
k₂ = 16.2 x 10^-4 sec^-1; T₂ = 303 K
R = 8.314 JK^-1 mol^-1
Formula: \(\log { \frac { { k }_{ 2 } }{ { k }_{ 1 } } } =\frac { { E }_{ a } }{ 2.303R } \left[ \frac { { T }_{ 2 }-{ T }_{ 1 } }{ { T }_{ 1 }{ T }_{ 2 } } \right] \)
Solution:
\(\log { \frac { 16.2\times { 10 }^{ -4 } }{ 2.45\times { 10 }^{ -5 } } } =\frac { { E }_{ a } }{ 2.303\times 8.314 } \left( \frac { 303-273 }{ 273\times 303 } \right) \)
\(1.8203=\frac { { E }_{ a } }{ 2.303\times 8.314 } \times \left[ \frac { 30 }{ 273\times 303 } \right] \)
∴ E_a = 52802.3 x 1.8203
= 96116 J / mol
E_a = 96.116 kJ mol^-1.

(i) [Co(NH₃)₅ CI]²⁺
(ii) [CO(NO₂)₃(NH₃)₃]
(iii) [Co(NH₃)₄H₂OBr](NO₃)₂
(iv) [Co(en)₂CI₂]CI
(v) [Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄

a) [FeF₆]^4-: Fe atom - outer electronic configuration 3d⁶ 4s²

F^- is weak field ligand
In [FeF₆]^4-the hybridisation takes place is sp³d²
The number of unpaired electrons = 4.
\(\therefore \mu =\sqrt { 4(4+2) } =\sqrt { 24 } \)
The molecule is paramagnetic due to the presence of unpaired electrons.
The geometry of the molecule is octahedral.
b) [Fe(CN)₆]^4-

In [Fe(CN)₆]^4- complex, the CN^- ligand is a powerful ligand, it forces the unpaired electrons in the 3d level to pair up inside.
Hence the species has no unpaired electron after hybridisation So the molecule is diamagnetic.

The geometry of the molecule is octahedral.

Volume of KMnO₄ used is proportional to the amount of H₂O₂ present. If the reaction is of first order, it must obey the equation.
\(k=\frac { 2.303 }{ t } log\frac { \left[ { A } \right] _{ 0 }}{ \left[ A \right] } \)
(or) \(k=\left( \frac { 2.303 }{ t } \right) log\left( \frac { { V }_{ 0 } }{ { V }_{ 1 } } \right) \)
(i) \( \mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{o}}=46.1 \mathrm{~mL} ; \mathrm{t}=10 \mathrm{mins} ; \mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{t}}=29.8 \mathrm{~mL}\)
\(k =\frac{2.303}{10} \log \left(\frac{46.1}{29.8}\right)  \)
\(=0.2303 \log 1.5469  \)
\(=0.2303 \times 0.1894=0.0436 \mathrm{~min}^{-1}\)
\(\mathrm{t}=20 \mathrm{mins} ; \mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{t}}=19.3 ; \mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{o}}=46.1 \mathrm{~mL} \)
\(k =\frac{2.303}{20} \log \left(\frac{46.1}{19.3}\right)  \)
\(=0.11515 \times \log 2.388  \)
\(=0.11515 \times 0.3780  \)
\(=0.0435 \mathrm{~min}^{-1}\)
Since the value of k comes out to be almost constant for the reaction, it is of first order. The mean value of k = 0.04355 min^-1