As per the Companies Act, 2013 for taking any decision or executing any transaction, the consent of the shareholders, the Board of directors and other specified is required. The decisions taken at a meeting are called resolutions.

A Managing Director is one who is employed by the company and has substantial powers of management over the affairs of the company subject to superintendence, direction and control of the board.

Bonus share means to utilize the company's reserves and surpluses, issue of shares to existing share holder without taking any consideration is known as Bonus shares.

The digital India initiative has been launched to modernize the Indian Economy to make all government services available electronically. The initiative aims at transforming India into digitally empowered society and knowledge economy with universal access to goods and services.

a. Sole Trader
b. Public sector
c. Private sector
d. Joint Hindu Family Business

(i) Discovery of idea
(ii) Determining the business objectives
(iii) Detailed investigation
(iv) Choice of form of enterprise

Characteristics of a promissory note:
(i) A promissory note must be in writing.
(ii) The promise to pay must be unconditional.
(iii) It must be signed by the maker.

(i)  Goods are materials that satisfy human wants and provide utility.
(ii) The term 'goods' includes every kind of movable property, stocks, and shares, growing crops, etc. Goodwill, trademarks, copy rights, patent rights etc., are all also regarded as goods.

i) Increase in unemployment
ii) Loss due to domestic units
(iii) Increased dependence on foreign nations
(iv) Unbalanced development

1. GST is the indirect tax levied on goods and services across the country.
2. It is a comprehensive, multi-stage, destination based tax that is levied on every value addition.

(i) The State commission is to be appointed by the state government in consultation with the central government. It has the function at state level.
(ii) The State Consumer Protection Council is also known as "Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission".
(iii) The State Consumer Protection Council is also called as State commission.

The former president of U.S.A. Mr. John F Kennedy defined the basic consumer rights as "The Right of Safety, the Right to be informed, the Right to choose and the Right to be heard''.

(i) Mixing of stones with grains.
(ii) Mixing of coconut oil with palmolein.
(iii) Coffee powder is adulterated with tamarind seed.
(iv) Chilli powder is adulterated with brick powder.

(i) Green making implies marketing environmentally friendly products.
(ii) It refers to holistic marketing concept with growing awareness about the implications of global warming, non-biodegradeable solid waste, harmful impact of pollutants etc.
(iii) Green marketing is also known as environmental marketing.

Thcsc are types of markets which are organised, controllcd and regulated by statutory measures. Example :Stock Exchange of Chennai,Mumbai, Kolkata, ctc.

(i) Mentoring is the process of sharing knowledge and experience of an employee.
(ii) The focus in this training is on the development of attitude of trainees.
(iii) Mentoring is always done by senior person, it is also one-to-one interaction like coaching.

Intelligence tests are one of the psychological tests, that is designed to measure a variety of mental ability, individual capacity of a candidate.The main aim of these tests is to obtain an idea of the person's intellectual potential.

Benefits of internal source of recruitment.
(i) Internal source will reduce the cost and expenses of recruitment.
(ii) It is very useful, by way of selecting from the existing and retiring employees.

Universally relevant :
Human Resource Management has universal relevance.
Goal Oriented :
The accomplishment of organizational goals is made possible through best utilization of human resource is an organization.

(i) Regulation of Stock Exchanges: The first objective of SEBI is to regulate stock exchanges so that efficient services may be provided to all the parties operating there.
(ii) Protection to the Investors: The protection of the interests of the investors means protecting them from the wrong information given by the companies in their prospectus, reducing the risk of delivery and payment, etc.

Speculators are classified in to four types : 
(i) Bull
(ii) Bear
(iii) Stage and
(iv) Lame duck
 

In India, till 1986, only a few instruments were available. They were as follows:
(i) Treasury Bills in the Treasury Market
(ii) Money at call and short Notice in the call Loan Market
(iii) Commercial Bills and Promissory Notes in the Bill Market
Now in addition to the above, the following new instruments are available:
(i) Commercial Papers
(ii) Certificate of Deposits
(iii) Inter-Bank participation Certificates
(iv) Repo Instruments.

(i) Financial institutions that provide facilities for channeling savings, of small investors into avenues of productive investments are called Mutual Funds.
(ii) A mutual fund company invests the funds pooled from shareholders and gives them the benefit of diversified investment portfolio and a reasonable return

Debt Market is the financial market for trading in Debt Instrument (i.e. Government Bonds or Securities, Corporate Debentures or Bonds).

The advantages of MBO are
(i) MBO gives the criteria of performance, It helps to take corrective action
(ii) MBO process helps the managers to understand their role in the total organisation.

Tools of managements have been developed such as accounting, business law, psychology, statistics, econometrics, data processing, etc.