The Governing body of a Company incorporated under the Companies Act called Board. It is a group of individuals called directors, elected to represent the views of shareholders of a public limited company and to manage the company affairs by establishing policies and implementing them to achieve the goal. In General, the Board is empowered to
(i) Set the Policies
(ii) Restructure the objectives
(iii) Evaluate the performance of Managing Director and Senior Executives
(iv) Exercise overall Direction
(v) Adopt by laws
(vi) Determine and pay the dividend
(vii) Issue additional shares.

The main objectives of Company Law 1956 are:
(i) To sustain the trust and faith of Shareholders
(ii) To protect and preserve the rights of Shareholders
(iii) To have drastic control over all the activities of the company
(iv) To make regulation of an effective Annual Meeting,
(v) The investment of the general public should be used for the development of society or social welfare activities.

(i) Technical Entrepreneur:
(a) Technical entrepreneurs are such of those craftsmen like a welder, fitter, moulder, draughtsman, turner, carpenter, goldsmith, tailor, photographer, repairer, weaver, sculptor, potter, wiremen or so on who start small ventures.
(b) This type of entrepreneur demonstrates their creative talents by . producing innovative products.
(ii) Non-technical Entrepreneur:
Non-technical Entrepreneurs are those who do not possess any technical competence to produce the goods or service but have special talents to market the products successfully or expertise to distribute the products produced by technical entrepreneur effectively to channel members and end consumers.
(iii) Professional Entrepreneur:
(a) A professional entrepreneur is one who is having rich expertise in starting a venture but lack interest in, continuing the venture as a manager or as an owner.
(b) They keep on conceiving new ideas to develop alternative projects.

(i) Here the paying banker should make payment only to the particular banker named as a part of special crossing or to his agent for collection.
(ii) Thus special crossing is safer than general crossing.

(i) Specific Goods: 
Specific goods denote goods identified and agreed upon at the time of contract of sale. For eg, if a buyer selects a particular variety of saree after examining several other sarees, the selected one denotes specific goods.
(ii) Ascertained Goods:
The term ascertained goods is also used as similar in meaning to specific goods. But this term may even refer to goods which become ascertained subsequent to the formation of the contract.
(iii) Unascertained or Generic Goods:
These are goods which are not identified and agreed upon at the time of contract of sale. For eg, A wants to buy a car from a showroom where different models at different prices have been displayed. All these displayed models represent unascertained goods.

There are 3 taxes applicable under this system.
(i) CGST : Collected by the Central Government on an intra-state sale (Eg : transaction happening in TamilNadu)
(ii) SGST Collected by the State Government on an intra-state sale (Eg : transaction happening within TamilNadu)
(iii) IGST : Collected by the Central Government for inter-state sale (Eg : Punjab to Tamil Nadu)

(i) Rural marketing is a process of developing pricing, promoting and distributing rural specific goods and services leading to derived exchange with rural customers to satisfy their needs and wants.
(ii) Rural marketing is now a two-way marketing process. There is inflow of products into rural markets for production or consumption and there is also outflow of products to urban areas.
(iii) The urban to rural flow consists of agricultural inputs, fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) such as soaps, detergents, cosmetics, textiles, and so on.
(iv) The rural to urban flow consists of agricultural produce such as rice, wheat, sugar, and cotton.
(v) There is also a movement of rural products within rural areas for consumption

Consumer right is interpreted as "the right to have information about the quality, potency, quantity, purity, price and standard of goods or services".

(i) There are certain situations where the shop-keepers put up the board 'No Stock' in front of their shops, even though there is plenty of stock in the store.
(ii) In such situations consumers who are desperate to buy such goods have to pay hefty price to buy those goods and thus earning more profit unconscientiously.
(iii) Even in Cinema houses, board may hang in the main entrance 'House Full' while cinema tickets will be freely available at a higher price in the black market.

The following are the objectives of E-Marketing:
(i) Expansion of market share
(ii) Reduction of distribution and promotional expenses
(iii) Achieving higher brand awareness.
(iv) Strengthening data - base

Factors affecting price of the product/service.
(a) Internal Factors:
(i) Marketing objectives
(ii) Marketing Mix strategy
(iii) Organisational considerations
(iv) Costs
(v) Organisation objectives
(b) External Factors:
(vi) The market and demand
(vii) Competition
(viii) Customers
(ix) Suppliers
(x) Legal factors
(xi) Regulatory factors

Yes, Marketer seeks to distinguish his products/services by adding additional features or functionalities to the existing product, modifying the pricing structure, introducing new delivery pattern, creating new business models, introducing change in production process and soon.

Training is one of the planned activities to transfer or modify knowledge, skill and attitude. Every training programme must address certain vital issues listed below.
(i)  Whom to train? : 
Training department has to determine the candidates for whom the training should be imparted.
(ii)  Who is the trainee? : 
A person who is learning and practicing the skills of particular job is called trainee.
(iii)  Who are trainers? :
Trainer is a person who teaches skills to employee and prepare them for a job activity.
(iv)  What method will be used for training?:
Training segment should decide the appropriate method of training among the various methods of training available.
(v)  What should be level the training? : 
Training department should decide the level of training to be imparted to the employees.
(vi) Where to conduct the training programme?:
The venue of training and duration of training should be fixed based on the  availability of note other related factors.

(i) Aptitude test is a test to measure suitability of the candidates for the post/role.
(ii) It actually measures skill sets of the candidate.
(iii) It helps in predicting the ability and future performance of the candidate.

In the words of E.F.L. Breach, HRM as that part of management process which is primarily concerned with the human constituents of an organisation.

(i) Savings and Capital Formation:
(a) In capital market, various types of securities help to mobilize savings from various sectors of population (Individuals, Corporate, Government, etc.).
(b) The twin features of reasonable return and liquidity in stock exchange are definite incentives to the people to invest in securities.
(c) This accelerates the capital formation in the country.
(ii) Ready and Continuous Market:
(a) The stock exchange provides a central convenient place where buyers and sellers can easily purchase and sell securities.
(b) Easy marketability makes investment in securities more liquid as compared to other assets.

(i) Primarily, it is necessary to set objectives or norms with predictable or estimated results.
(ii) These performances are assessed and get equated to the actual performance. Next, the deviation gets analysed.
(iii) With an insignificant or no deviation; no action is a required and senior managers can concentrate on other matters.
(iv) If actual performances deviates significantly, the issue needs to be passed to the senior managers, as an exception has occurred.
(v) Finally the union is to solve this "exception" immediately.

(i) A manager has to act as representative of a company.
(ii) Manager has dealings with customers suppliers, government officials, banks, financial institutions, trade unions, etc.
(iii) It is the duty of every manager to have good relations with others.