According to Dale Yoder human resource management as ''the effective process of planning and directing the application, development and utilisation of human resources in employment''.

(a) Primary market:
(i) Primary market is a term used to include all the institutions that are involved in the sale of securities for the first time by the issuers.
(ii) Here the money from investors goes directly to the issuers.
(b) Second by market:
(i) Secondary market is the market for securities that are already issued.
(ii) Stock exchange is an important institution in the secondary market

(i) The substance of management should be identified as a process
(ii) A process is something that what a person does in the context of his individual duties and responsibilities assigned by his or her immediate higher authority.
(iii) A process also implies on going and unceasing cyclical operations.
(iv) In management, we have planning - action - control cycle.
(v) A process indicates the dynamic nature of management.
(iv) It also implies that change is a constant reality of organisational life and management is the management of change.

(i) The Consumer Protection Act postulates establishment of Consumer Protection Councils at the District, State and Central levels for the purpose of spreading consumer awareness.
(ii) The objects of the Councils, as per the Act, shall be to promote and protect the rights of the consumers

(i) Application Blank : Most of public sector undertaking, various ministries of Government, Selection Commissions, Recruitment Board and Private Sector Companies either supply pre-printed application form or direct the candidates to download the forms uploaded in their respective websites.
(ii) Scrutinizing the Applications: Selection committee has to evolve some criteria like age, length of experience, level of education, percentage of marks, higher qualification, level of exposure, communal quotos, proficiency etc., to shortlist the number of applicants for the interview.
(iii) Selection Test: Several tests are conducted in the selection process to ensure whether the candidate possesses the necessary qualification to fit into various positions in the organization

(i) The Government has started the process of disinvestment in those PSUs which had been running into loss.
(ii) It means that Government has been selling out these industries to private sector.
(iii) So disinvestment is a system of privatising government enterprises.

The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission has the following members: 
(i) The National Commission should have five members.
(ii) One should be from judiciary.
(iii) Four other members of ability, knowledge and experience from any other fields.
(iv) It should include a woman.

Importance of social marketing:
(i) The primary aim of social marketing is social good such as anti-tobacco, anti-drug, anti-pollution, anti-dowry, road safety, protection of girl child, against the use of plastic bags.
(ii) Social marketing promotes the consumption of socially desirable products and health consciousness.
(iii) It helps to eradicate social evils that affect the society and quality of life.

(i) The goals are achieved with the help of motivation.
(ii) Motivation includes increasing the speed of performance of a work and developing a willingness on the part of workers.
(iii) The workers expect, favourable climate conditions to work, fair treatment, monetary or non-monetary incentive, effective communication and gentleman approach.

(i) Innovation refers to the preparation of personnel and organisation to face the changes made in the business world.
(i) Innovation includes developing new material, new products, new techniques in production, new package, new design of a product and cost reduce.

Forms of Globalization
(i) Foreign trade policy: India has signed a number of agreements in order to expand Indian trade worldwide. Some of the agreement includes TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights), GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Service).
(ii) Export promotion: Globalisation promotes export by reducing quotes and tariffs, by eliminating trade restrictions and by simplifying trade procedures.
(iii) Freedom to repatriate: Repatriate means, to send or bring money back to one's own country. Since globalisation has integrated many countries, repatriation has become very easy.
(iv) Reduction in tariffs: Custom duties and tariffs imposed on imports and exports are reduced gradually to make Indian economy attractive to the global investors.
(v) Encouraging open competition: Globalisation brings an end to the difference between domestic and international markets. Domestic companies start their operations in the international level and therefore there is an open competition.

The complaint should contain the following particulars:
(i) The name and complete address of the complainant
(ii) The name and complete address of the opposite party/parties
(iii) Date of purchase of goods or services availed
(iv) Amount paid for the above purpose
(v) Particulars of goods purchased with number or details of services availed
(vi) The details of complaint, whether it is against Unfair Trade Practices/supply of defective goods/deficiency in service provided/ collection of excess price, should explicitly be mentioned in the complaint petition.
(vii) Bills/receipts and copies of related correspondence, if any.

(i) Coachin Method: In the coaching method of training, the superior teaches or guides the new employee about the knowledge and skills relevant to a given job. In this method superior plays the role of coach or guide and an instructor.
ii) Mentoring method : Mentoring is the process of sharing knowledge and experience of an employee. Mentoring is always done by senior person, it is also one-to-one interaction, like coaching. It is mostly used for managerial employees.
(iii) Job Rotation Method : Job rotation is an important method for broadening the knowledge of executives. Under this method, a trainee is periodically shifted from one work to another work and from one department / division to another department / division for a particular period of time.
(iv) Job Instruction Techniques : In this method, a trainer superior gives some instructions to an employees to how to perform his job and its purpose.
(v) Apprenticeship Training Method : The apprentice or trainee learns the job knowledge and skills from the trainer or superior or senior worker. Generally, the apprenticeship training is given to , the technical cader like that Mechanics, Electricians, Craftsmen, Welders, Fitter etc.

Advantages :
(i) Increase in foreign investment :
If a country liberalises its trade, it will make the country more attractive for inward investment. Inward investment leads to capital inflows but also helps the economy through diffusion of more technology, management techniques and knowledge.
(ii) Increase the foreign exchange reserve :
Relaxation in the regulations covering foreign investment and foreign exchange has paved way for easy access to foreign capital.
(iii) increase in consumption :
Liberalization increases the number of goods available for consumption within a country due to increase in production.
(iv) Control over price :
The removal of tariff barriers can lead to lower prices for Consumers.This would be particularly is benefit for countries who are importers.
Disadvantages :
(i) Increase in unemployment :
Trade liberalisation often leads to a shift in the balance of an economy. Some industries grow, some decline. Therefore, there may often be structural unemployment from certain industries closing.
(ii) Loss to domestic units :
With fewer entry restrictions, it has been possible for many entrants to make inroads into the country which poses a threat and competition to the existing domestic units.
(iii) Increased dependence on foreign nations :
Trade liberalisation means firms will face greater competition from abroad.When competition is not automatically enhanced, it can lead to domination by big institution that has market controlling powers.
(iv) Unbalanced development :
Trade liberalisation may be damaging for developing economies which cannot compete against free trade. 

(i) The Indian Contract Act, 1872 was passed to bind the people on the promise made in the contract.
(ii) The Trademark Act, 1999 prevents the use of fraudulent marks on the product.
(iii) The Competition Act, 2002 protects the consumers against unhealthy competition.
(iv) The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 ensures the safety of drugs and cosmetics sold in India.
(v) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 controls and prevents pollution in India.

Management by exception provides the following
advantages.
(i) It saves the time of managers because they deal only with exceptional matters. Routine problems are left to subordinates.
(ii) It focuses managerial attention on major problems. As a result, there is better utilisation of managerial talents and energy.
(iii) It facilitates delegation of authority. Top management concentrates on strategic decisions and operational decisions are left to the lower levels.
(iv) It is a technique of separating important information from unimportant one. It forces managers to review past history and study related business data for identifying deviations.
(v) MBE keeps management alert to opportunities and threats by identifying critical problems. It can avoid uninformed and impulsive action.
(vi) Management by exception provides better yardsticks for judging results. It is helpful in objective performance appraisal.

According to WI. Stanton, "Marketing is a total system of business activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute want-satisfying goods and services to present and potential customers

The satisfaction of consumer wants and need is stated to be the prime and supreme  objective of a business.

(i) It invites new youngesters or fresher who can being new changes in the changing trend in the competitive world.
(ii) The freshers would be offered less salary when compared to the experience staff

Equity Market is the financial market for trading in Equity Shares of Companies.