(i) It is the topmost part of the window.
(ii) It shows the name of the software and the name of the document at the left, and the control but tons (Minimize, Maximize and Close) at the right.

E-Governance made easier to collect their certificates through online,early days a person spend more time to collect the certificates and he have to directly many more difficulties. To avoid this bribery at office e-governance via Internet let a new path on all for ordinary man.

Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that you assign to them.

Syntax:
if (condition)
{
        //True-block;
}
else
{
        //False-block;
}

(i) PHP can be easily embed with HTML and other client side scripting language like CSS [cascading style sheets) and Java scripts.
(ii) It also creates dynamic and interactive webpages in the real time Web development projects.
(iii) It is competitor of ASP and JSP.
(iv) 78.9% of websites are developed by PHP.

Desktop publishing (abbreviated DTP) is the creation of page layouts for documents using DTP software.

(i) DB2
(ii) MySQL
(iii) Oracle
(iv) PostgreSQL
(v) SQLite
(vi) SQL Server
(vii) Sybase

(i) A hypertext is a system which consists of nodes, the text and the links between the nodes, which defines the paths the user; need to follow for the text access in non-sequential ways.
(ii) The author of the working system created this structure. The user is permitted to define their own paths in more sophisticated hypertext systems.
(iii) The user is provided with the flexibility and choice to navigate in hypertext.

(i) GPRS was introduced here, it is seen as an excess period of mobile networking development, between 2G and 3G.
(ii) GPRS is a data service which enables mobile devices to send and receive messages, picture messages, and e-mails.
(iii) It allows most popular operating speeds of up to 115kbit/s, latterly maximum of 384kbit/s by using EDGE

(i) MySQL is the most popular Open Source Relational SQL Database Management System.
(ii) MySQL is one of the best RDBMS being used for developing various web-based software applications.

While loop	Do while loop
(i) It is important feature which is used for simple iteration logics.	(i) It always run the statement inside of the loop block at the first time execution.
(ii) It is Entry controlled loop	(ii) It is exit controlled loop
(iii) It checks the condition, and executes the loop if specified condition is true.	(iii) It checks the condition, and then repeats the loop as long as the specified condition is true.
Syntax : While(condition) { code to be executed; }	Syntax : do { code to be executed; } while (condition is true);

 

(i) Click on Master Pages icon.
(ii) Then click on the Text Tool. Now the cursor changes to I - beam number.
(iii) Then Click on the left Master page where you want to put the page.
(iv) Press Ctrl + Alt + P.
(v) The page number displays as 'LM' on the left master page.
(vi) Similarly click on the right Master page where you want to put the page number.
(vii) Press Ctrl + Alt + P.
(viii) The page number displays as 'RM' on the right master page, but will appear correctly on the actual pages.

Default Syntax:
The default Syntax begins with " < ?php"and closes with "? > ".

Short open Tags
(i) The Short open Tags begins with " < ?" andcloses with "? > " .
(ii) But admin user has to enable Short style tags settings in php.ini file on the server.

HTML Script embed Tags:
HTML Script embed Tags looks just like HTML scripts tags.

(i) To avoid the major disadvantage of Flat namespace, hierarchical namespace is used in large
(ii)  Hierarchical namespace is where the name is made up of several parts.
a. First part may represent the nature of the organization.
b. Second part may represent the name of the organization, and
c. Third part may represent the department of the organization and so on.
(iii) In this way the power to control the namespace can be decentralized.
(iv) The centralized authority can be given to nature and then to the name of the organization and so on.
(v) To achieve hierarchical namespace, Domain Name Space was designed.

Database Connections: Before accessing MYSQL Database, connect to Database Server machine via PHP scripting language using Mysqli_connect() Function.
Syntax:
mysqli_connect(“Server Name”,“User Name”,“Password”,“DB Name”);
This function requires four parameters to connect to database server. Database Server name, Database username, password and Database Name.
Managing Database Connections: The below code describes managing database connection methods and features.
<?php
$servername = “localhost”;
$username = “username”;
$password = “password”;
SDB_name = “School_DB”;
$conn = mysqli_connect($servername, $username, $password,$DB_name);
if(!$conn){
die(“Connection failed: “ . mysqli_connect_error( ));
}
echo “Connected successfully”;
?>
In the above code snippet, four variables are used to connect to the Database server. They are

The mysqli_connect function uses these variables and connect Database server to PHP. If connection gets fail, output will be printed with MySQL error code. Otherwise connection is success.

Looping structure are useful for writing iteration logics. It is the most important feature of many programming languages including PHP.
Looping categories are
(i) for loop
(ii) for each loop
(iii) while loop
(iv) Do while loop
(i) for loop:
It is used for iteration logics when the programmer know in advance how many times the loop should run.
Syntax:
for (init counter; test counter; increment counter)
{
code to be executed;
}
Parameters:
init counter: To initialize the loop initial counter value
test counter : Evaluated for every iteration, of the loop.
If it evaluates to TRUE, the loop continues.
If it evaluates to FALSE, the loops ends.
Increment counter:Increases the loop counter value.

(ii) for each loop:
It works only with arrays.
Loop iteration depends on each KEY value pair in the Array.
In loop iteration, value of the current array element is assigned to $value variable and the array
pointer is shifted by one until it reaches the end of the array element.
Syntax:
for each ($array as $value)
{
code to be executed;
}
(iii) While loop:
It is used for simple iteration logics.
It checks the condition, if the condition is true, and it executes the loop.
Syntax:
while (condition is true)
code to be executed;
}
(iv) Do while loop:
Do while loop always run the statement inside the loop block at the first time of execution. It then checks the condition. If the specified condition is true, it executes the loop.
Syntax:
do
{
code to be executed;
}while (condition is true);
}

An attribute is the information about entity and it will describe, qualify, quantify, classify, and specify an entity.
An attribute will always have a single value, that value can be a number (or) character (or) string.
Types of Attributes: 
(1) Key Attribute
(2) Simple Attributes
(3) Composite Attributes
(4) Single Valued Attribute
(5) Multi Valued Attribute.
1 Key Attribute:- Generally a key attribute describes a unique characteristic of an entity.
2. Simple Attributes:- The Simple Attributes cannot be separated it will be having a single value for their entity.
For Example: Let us consider the name as the attribute for the entity employee and here the value for that attribute is a single value.

3. Composite Attributes:- The composite attributes can be subdivided into simple attributes without change in the meaning of that attribute.
For Example: In the above diagram the employee is the entity with the composite attribute Name
which are sub-divided into two simple attributes first and last name.
4. Single Valued Attributes:- A single valued attribute contains only one value for the attribute and they don't have multiple numbers of values.
For Example: Age- It is a single value for a person as we cannot give n number of ages for a single

5. A Multi Valued Attributes:- A multi valued attribute has more than one-value for that particular attribute.
For Example: Degree A person can hold n number of degrees so it is a multi-valued attribute.