(i) One of the most basic shapes used by drafters and designers is the rectangle. You can create a rectangle using the LINE command, but doing so has some disadvantages.
(ii) For example, you would have to take the time to make sure that the corner angles are exactly 90°. Also, each line segment would be a separate object.
(iii) Therefore, AutoCAD 2016 provides the RECTANG command, which allows you to create a rectangle with perfect corners and as a single object.
(iv) Clicking anywhere on a rectangle created with the RECTANG command selects the entire rectangle.
To draw a Rectangle using the cursor to select  the corners:
1. Command: RECTANGLE (or) REC (Press Enter Key)
2. The following will appear on the command line:
RECTANGLE
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]:
Specify the location of the first corner by moving the cursor to a location (P1) and then press the left mouse button.
3. The following will appear on the command line:
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]:
Specify the location of the diagonal corner (P2) by moving the cursor diagonally away from the first corner (P1) and pressing the left mouse button. Now a rectangle will appear.

Draw a rectangle defined by diagonal points (20,30) and (150,160).
Command: RECTANGLE ⤶
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: 20,30 ⤶
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: 150,160 ⤶

A Rectangle define by diagonal points (20.30) and (150,160)

Command Window
(i) The command window is normally located at the bottom of the application window, just above the statusbar.
(ii) This window normally contains three lines of text and the first two lines list the immediate command history,
(iii) The bottom line is the command line. If you do not see the command window, press Ctrl + 9 to make it appear.
(iv) You can enter a command manually at the command line.
(v) You can type at the cursor position on the command line, that is, the Command: prompt.
(vi) If you just type the first letter of a command, it will list all the commands starting with that letter. 
(vii) Note: Always press ENTER after you type values on the command line.
(viii) You can drag this window to a different place on the screen and resize it.

(ix) When you enter a command, AutoCAD doesn't care if you use UPPERCASE or lowercase characters, or a combination of either.
(x) If you make a mistake typing on the command line, press the BACKSPACE key to correct.
(xi) You can press ESC at any time. If you press ESC while an operation is in progress, it terminates the command.
(xii) To repeat the command you previously entered in AutoCAD, press ENTER (or the spacebar) at the 'Command:' prompt.
(xiii) As an alternative, right-click to display the cursor menu, and then select the Repeat option.

The Flash Tools panel includes the tools you need to create, select, or edit graphics on the Stage.
(i) The double arrows at the top of the Tools panel are used to collapse the panel to icon only view, or to expand the panel and see all the tools.
(ii) By default, the toolbar is on the right side of your screen.
(iii) The single capital letter in parentheses indicates tile keyboard shortcuts to select those tools.

3D Rotation Tool (W)
It is used to create 3D effects by rotating movie clips in 3D space on the Stage.
3D Translation Tool (G)
It is used to create 3D effects by moving movie clips in 3D space on the Stage. The 3D Rotation and the 3D Translation tools are grouped within one icon on the Tools panel.
Lasso Tool (L)
It is used to select objects or parts of objects by drawing a freehand.
Pen Tool (P)
It is used to draw lines and curves by creating a series of dots, known as anchor points, that are automatically connected. Other tools used to add, delete, and convert the anchor points created by the Pen tool are  grouped with the Pen tool.
Text Tool (T)
It is used to create and edit text.
Line Tool (N) 
It is used to draw straight lines. You can draw vertical, horizontal, and 45° diagonal lines by pressing and holding Shift key while drawing the line.
Rectangle Tool(R)
It is used to draw rectangular shapes. Press and hold Shift key to draw a perfect square.
Oval Tool (O)
It is used to draw oval shapes. Press and hold Shift key to draw a perfect circle.
Subselection Tool (A)
This tool is used to select, drag, and reshape an object. We know that vector graphics are composed of lines and curves (each of which is a segment) connected by anchor points. When you select art object with this tool, it displays the anchor points and allows you to use them to edit the object.
Free Transform Tool (Q)
It is used to rotate, scale, skew, and distort objects.
Gradient Transform Tool (F)
It is used to transform a gradient fill by adjusting the size, direction, or center of the fill. The Free and Gradient Transform tools are grouped within one icon on the Tools panel.
Primitive Rectangle and Oval (R)
It is used to draw objects with properties such as corner radius or inner radius, that can be changed using the Properties panel.
PolyStar Tool
It is used to draw polygons and stars. The Rectangle, Oval, Primitive, and PolyStar tools are grouped within one tool on the Tools panel.

The following is an outline of current file formats used for the production and delivery of multimedia data.
Text Formats:
RTF
(i) Rich Text Format is the primary file format introduced in 1987 by Microsoft with the specification of their published products and for cross-platform documents interchange.
Plain text
(i) Plain text files can be opened, read and edited with most text editors. Commonly used are Notepad (Windows), Gedit or nano (Unix, Linux), TextEdit (Mac as X) and so on.
(ii) Other computer programs are also capable of reading and importing plain text. Plain text is the original and popular way of conveying an e-mail.
Image Formats:
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
(i) This format is common in desktop publishing world (high quality output), and is supported by almost all software packages.
(ii) Recent versions of TIFF allows image compression, and the format is comfortable for moving large files between computers.
BMP (Bitmap)
(i) Initially this format is in use with Windows 3.1. It is quite large and uncompressed and hence BMP is used for the high-resolution or large images.
DIB (Device Independent Bitmap)
(i) This format which is similar to BMP, allows the files to be displayed on a variety of devices.
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)
(i) GIF is a compressed image format. Most of the computer color images and backgrounds are GIF files.
(ii) This file format is best suitable for graphics that uses only limited colors, and it is the most popular format used for online color photos.
(iii) 13-bit Color look up table is used by the GIF format to identify its color values. This format is supported widely.
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
(i) JPEG was designed to attain maximum image compression.
(ii) It uses lossy compression technique, where a compression method is referred that loses some of the data required for the image reconstruction.
(iii) It works good with photographs, naturalistic artwork, and similar material but functions less on lettering, live drawings or simple cartoons.
TGA (Targa)
(i) It is the first popular format for high resolution images. TGA is supported by Most of the video-capture boards.
PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
(i) An extensible file format for the less loss, portable and well compressed storage of raster Images.
(ii) PNG acts as replacement for GIF and also replaces multiple common uses of TIFF.
(iii) PNG works good with online viewing applications like worldwide web, so it is fully streameable with a best display option.
Digital Audio File Formats:
WAV (Waveform Audio File Format)
(i) It is the most popular audio file format in windows for storing uncompressed sound files.
(ii) In order to attain the reduced file size it can also be converted to other file formats like MP3.
MP3 (MPEG Layer-3 Format)
(i) MPEG Layer-3 format is the most popular format for storing and downloading music.
(ii) The MP3 files are roughly compressed to one-tenth the size of an equivalent WAV file.
OGG
(i) A free, open source container format that is designed for obtaining better streaming and evolving at high end quality digital multimedia.
(ii) it can be compared to MP3 files in terms of quality.
AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format)
(i) A standard audio file format used by Apple which is like a WAY file for the Mac.
WMA (Windows Media Audio)
(i) It is a popular windows media audio format owned by Microsoft and designed with Digital Right Management (DRM) abilities for copyright protection.
RA (Real Audio Format) 
(i) Real Audio format is designed for streaming audio over the Internet.
(ii) The digital audio resources are usually stored as a computer file in computer's hard drive or CD/DVD.
Besides the variety of audio file formats available, the most common formats are wave files (.WAV) and MPEG Layer-3 files (.MP3), WMA and RA.
Digital Video File Formats
AVI (Audio/Video Interleave)
(i) AVI is the video file format for Windows.
(ii) Here sound and picture elements are stored in alternate interleaved chunks in the file.
MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group)
(i) MPEG is a standard for generating digital video and audio compression under the International Standards Organization (ISO) by the group of people.
(ii) The group has developed MPEG-1, the standard on which Video CD and MP3 are based, MPEG-2, the standard that supports products as Digital Television set top boxes and DVD, MPEG-4, the standard for multimedia and mobile web.
(iii) MPEG-7, the standard for search of audio and visual content. Research on MPEG-21 "Multimedia Framework" has started in 2000. Simply MPEG is the standards for digital video and audio compression.

(i) Animation is the process displaying still images so quickly so that they give the impression of continuous movement.
(ii) In animation the screen object is a vector image in animation. Using numerical transformations the movement of that image along its paths is calculated for their defining coordinates.
(iii) The least frame rate of at least 16 frames per second gives the impression of smoothness and for natural looking it should be at least 25 frames per second. 
(iv) Animations may be in two or three dimensional.
(v) The two dimensional animation, bring an image alive, that occur on the flat X and Y axis of the screen.
(vi) While in three dimensional animation it occurs along the three axis X, Y and Z. Animation tools are very powerful and effective.
(vii) The two basic types of animations are Path animation and Frame animation.
Path Animation:
(i) Path animation involves moving an object on a screen that has a constant background.
(ii) e.g. a cartoon character, may move across the screen regardless of any change in the background or the character.
Frame Animation:
(i) In frame animations, multiple objects are allowed to travel simultaneously and the background or the objects also changes.

1. Conceptual Analysis and Planning
(i) The process of multimedia making begins with a conceptual ignition point.
(ii) Conceptual analysis identifies a appropriate theme, budget arid content availability on that selected theme.
(iii) Additional criteria like copyright issues also are considered in this phase.
2. Project design:
(i) Once the theme is finalized objectives, goals, and activities are drawn for the multimedia project.
(ii) General statements are termed as goals.
(iii) The specific statements in the project is known as the objectives.
(iv) Activities are series of actions performed to implement an objective.
(v) These activities contribute to the Project design phase.
3. Pre-production:
(i)  Based on the planning and design, it is necessary to develop the project.
(ii) The following are the steps involved in pre-production:
4. Budgeting:
(i) Budgeting for each phases like consultants, hardware, software, travel, communication and publishing is estimated for all the multimedia projects.
5. Multimedia Production Team:
(i) The production team for a highend multimedia project requires a team efforts,
(ii) The team comprises of members playing various roles and responsibilities like Scriptwriter, Production manager, Editor, Graphics Architect, Multimedia Architect and Web Master.

Drawing Grids
Using Graph Paper tool, you can draw a grid and set the number of rows and columns. A grid is a grouped set of rectangles that you can break apart.
To draw a grid,
1. Click and hold the Polygon tool. A flyout menu will appear.
2. Select the Graph Paper tool from the flyout menu.
3. Now type values in the top and bottom portions of the Columns and rows box on the property bar. The value you type in the top portion of the Columns and rows box specifies the number of columns; the value you type in the bottom portion specifies the number of rows.
4. Click on anywhere in the drawing area where you want the grid to appear.
5. Drag diagonally to draw the required grid.
If you want to draw the grid from its center point outward, hold down Shift key as you drag; if you want to draw a grid with square cells, hold down Ctrl key as you drag.

Creating Polygons
1. To draw a polygon Cabo known as pentagon: a five-sided figure, select the Polygon tool in the toolbox. The mouse pointer changes to a crosshair with a small polygon beneath it.
2. Click on anywhere in the drawing area and drag the mouse pointer.
3. Release the mouse button where you like the end of the polygon.
4. To increase the number of sides of your polygon, select the polygon you have drawn using the Pick tool.
5. Place the mouse pointer on the Number of Points on Polygon text box and type the number of sides you like for you polygon. You can also set the number of sides for your polygon and then draw it.

To draw a spiral,
(i) Click and hold the Polygon tool. A flyout menu will appear.
(ii) Click on the Spiral tool from the flyout menu.
(iii) Now you should type a value in the Spiral revolutions box on the property bar to set the number of full-circle revolutions to appear in the new spiral object.
(iv) Next, click one of the following buttons on the property bar:
1. Symmetrical spiral
2. Logarithmic spiral
If you want to change the amount by which the spiral expands as it moves outward, move the Spiral expansion slide. Drag diagonally in the drawing window until the spiral is the required size.

Follow these steps to place text into a document:
1. Choose File> Place in the menu bar, Place dialog box appears.
2. Locate the text file you want to place, select it and click the Open button on the right side of the Place dialog box.

Place option in the File Menu

Place dialog box

The loaded text cursor 
Text Frame
3. Your cursor changes to the loaded text cursor, indicating that the text is ready to be placed into your document.
4. Either click to place the text (filling the current column from the point at which you clicked to the end of the page) or click and drag to create a new text frame.
5. If a text frame cannot contain all the text placed within it, a red plussign overflow symbol appears on the lower-right border of the text frame.
(i) Clicking this overflow symbol loads the remaining text into your cursor for placement in an additional text frame.
(ii) To place this text, just click or click and drag to create a new text frame with the additional text.
(iii) This new text frame is linked to the previous text frame.
(iv) When linked, text flows freely between the two frames if you change the size of the frames or the formatting of the text. .

Creating Path Type
(i) With the Type on a Path tool, you can add type along the inner or outer edge of a path.
(ii) You can place the text on either side of the path, but not on both.
(iii) If you initially place it on the inner part of the path, you can always move it to the outer part of the path later.
(iv) When you select text on a path, brackets appear that you can drag to adjust the position and placement of the text.
Create Type on a Path
1. Select the Type on a Path tool on the Tools panel.
2. Click on the edge of the path (closed or open) to which you want to add type. A flashing insertion point appears in the text frame. Any fill or stroke on the object is removed.
3. Type some text. The text automatically wraps to the shape of the text frame. Don't press Enter key. The type appears along the edge of the object, conforms to its shape, and removes the fill and stroke. If the overflow symbol appears, deselect the text frame, select the Direct Selection tool on the Tools panel, and then drag a corner to reshape the text frame.
4. Select a Selection tool or select the Type tool again.

Starting Adobe InDesign CC
1. Choose Start> All Programs> Adobe lriDesign CC 2019 (or)
Click on the InDesign short cut on the desktop.
2. Welcome to InDesign window will open. Now click on Create New ... button.

3. Now a New Document window will open.
When You create a new document, you have the opportunity to set many options in the New Document dialog box.
To set the basic options for a new document:
i) In the New Document dialog box, click a category tab: Print, Web, or Mobile.

Specify the following options.for the selected preset:
Width and Height: Specify the size of the document.
Units: Specify the measurement unit for the document.
Orientation: Specify a page orientation for the document: Landscape or Portrait.
Pages: Specify the number M pages to create in the document.
Facing pages: If you're creating a single-sided document-like an advertisement, poster, or handbill-leave Pacing Pages turned off. Turn it on for books and magazines, which usually have both left-hand and right-hand pages.
Start#: Specify which number the document starts on. If you specify an even number (such as 2) with Pacing Pages selected, the first spread in the document begins witha two-page spread.
Primary Text Frame: Select this option to add a primary text frame on the master page.
Columns: Specify the number of columns to add in the document.
Column Gutter: Specify the amount of whitespace between columns.
Margins: Specify the margins for each side of the document. To use. different values for different sides, delink the dimensions by clicking the chain icon.
Bleed and Slug: Specify the position of the bleed and slug along each side of the document. To use different values for different sides, delink the dimensions by clicking the chain icon.
4. Click the Create button to open a document with the preset settings.

Converting text in a Text block to a Frame
After created text in a text block, if you want to convert it to a frame. You can do this by using these steps.
1. Draw the frame of your choice using one of the Pagemaker's Frame tool.
2. Select the text block you want to insert in the frame.
3. Click the frame while pressing the Shift key. Now both elements will be selected.
4. Choose Element > Frame > Attach Content on the Menu bar.
5. Now the text appears in the frame. 

Converting text in a Text block to a Frame

Placing (Importing) Text
You can insert text from other software program like MS-Word in the PageMaker document.
1. Choose File > Place in the menu bar. The Place dialog box will appear.

2. Locate the document that contains the text you want to place and select it.

3. Click on Open in the Place dialog box. The pointer changes to the loaded text icon ( ).
4. Make a text block to place the text. (Or) Click in the page to place the text. The text will be placed in the page.
If the text to be placed is too big to fit on one page, PageMaker allows you to place it on several pages. This can be done manually or automatically:

Tool Toolbox Cursor Use

Pointer Tool	Used to select, move, and resize text objects and graphics
Text tool	Used to type, select, and edit text.
Rotating tool	Used to select and rotate objects
Cropping tool	Used to trim imported graphics.
Line tool	Used to draw straight lines in any direction.
Constrained line tool	Used to draw vertical or horizontal lines.
Rectangle frame tool	Used to create rectangular placeholders for text and graphics.
Ellipse tool	Used to draw circles and ellipses.
Ellipse frame tool	Used to create elliptical placeholders for text and graphics.
Polygon tool	Used to draw polygons.
Polygon frame tool	Used to create polygonal placeholders for text and graphics.
Hand tool	Used to scroll the page (an alternative to the scroll bar)
Zoom tool	Used to magnify or reduce an area of the page