1. The strike in the Homestead Steel workshop in Britain went up in a gun battle. 
2. The Pullman strike by the US Railway Union was suppressed by the administration.
3. In Britain, the Match stick Girls Strike ended with their enormous victory.
4. There was also a dock strike in the port of London.

1. Banning night work in bakeries.
2. If the factories or industries were shut down by the owners, it was opened by the workers.
3. Providing pensions for widows and free education for every child.
4. Stopping the collection of debts incurred during the siege.

1. The Parisians grew bitter when bigger numbers of monarchists were returned to the National Assembly.
2. Then came the betrayal of the republic - the appointment of 71-year-old Thiers.
3. Paris was once again armed.
4. As the regular army had been disbanded under the terms of agreement with Prussia, the Parisian masses kept their arms.

1. The Holy Roman Empire' was an empire only in name.
2. Germany contained three of four hundred separate States.
3. It was their kings who saved these countries from feudal anarchy and made them into nations.
4. Conditions suitable for the rise of Italy and Germany as nation states developed only in the nineteenth century.

1. In other parts of Europe there arose a number of risings.
2. The revolution was successful in the Netherlands, where Belgium was separated to form an independent state.
3. The Greeks received the support of the great powers and attained independence from the Turks.
4. But the revolt of Poles against the Russian Tsar was suppressed.

1. He did not employ children below the age of line his industries.
2. Later he criticised private property and profit.
3. He began to advocate the establishment of new cooperative communities that would combine industrial and agricultural production.
4. Owen had developed a theory of Utopian Socialism.

1. The working classes were initially unorganised and therefore who llyat the mercy of their employers.
2. Soon they began to feel that without organisation and unity, no permanent improvement was possible.
3. So they strove to establish trade unions.
4. This trade unions, was a form of socialism which to attack the states and the welfare of the workers.

1. Europe in the nineteenth century was influenced by the developments in France.
2. Metternich was the one who sought to suppress the spirit of democracy and nationalism that arose in Europe.
3. He said, ''When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold".
4. France sneezed not once, but thrice in 1789, 1830 and 1848, when revolutions broke out in France.

1. Bismarck, transformed into a powerful state with the objective of uniting the Germanic states under its leadership.
2. He adopted a "blood and iron policy to achieve the unification".
3. He realised that the unification of Germany was not possible without an armed conflict with Austria and France.
4. He sparked conflict with Austria and France through diplomatic moves.
5. He also got the support of Piedmont-Sardinia which wanted to drive Austria out of Venetia.
6. With the victory of the Austrian-Prussian War, he formed the Northern German Federation under the leadership of Prussia.
7. Bismarck his attention to create a rift between Prussia and France to unite the southern German states.
8. At the end of the Franck-Prussian War, Germany combined the unification of Northern and southern Germany.

1. The Napoleonic rule, for the first time, provided Italy with a sense of unity through uniform administration.
2. The several secret societies such as the like the Corporanari, who were insisting on free and patriotic ideas, became more spread.
3. Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi were the three central figures of the unification of ltaly.
4. Parma, Modena and Tuscany were merged with the Kingdom of Piedmont- Sardinia through plebiscites.
5. Plebiscites held in Sicily, Naples and Papal States led to their merger with Piedmont-Sardinia.
6. At the end of the war with Austria, Italy acquired Lombardy under the Zurich pact.
7. During the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Italy had allied itself with Prussia and was rewarded with Venetia.
8. In 1871, Italy took advantage of the Franco-Prussian War to annex Rome as the French forces withdrew.

1. Metternich, the arbiter of Europe and enemy of nationality, was forced to leave Vienna in disguise.
2. Hungary and Bohemia both claimed national independence.
3. Milan expelled the Austrians.
4. Venice became an independent republic.
5. Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, declared war against Austria.
6. Absolutism seemed dead for a while. But it was not to be.
7. By the summer, the monarchs had begun their attacks on the revolutionaries.
8. They succeeded in crushing the democratic movements in important centres like Berlin, Vienna arid Milan.

1. Etienne-Gabriel Morally, the Utopian thinker, proposed a communistic organisation of society.
2. The term "Utopian Socialism" was first used by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
3. Utopian Socialists recommended the establishment of model communities.
4. Saint-Simon suggested that scientists take the place of priests in the social order.
5. Fourier believed that social conditions were the primary cause of human misery.
6. Robert Owen had developed a theory of Utopian Socialism based on social equality and cooperation.
7. Proudhon wanted to replace nation-state with federations of autonomous communes.
8. Louis Blanc argued that socialism cannot be achieved without state power.