1. The global economic Depression occurred in 1873.
2. This economic Depression also affected the United States very seriously.
3. American railroads became bankrupt in this period.

1. Prussia was successful in establishing the Zollverein (customs union).
2. It included most of the Germanic states except those under the control of Austria.
3. It also provided economic unity to the Germanic states.

1. Francois Babeuf a political agitator of the French Revolutionary period.
2. He said, the Revolution in France did not address the needs of the peasants and workers.
3. He advocated the abolition of private property and the generalisation of the land.

1. In Britain the Poor Laws, as codified during Elizabethan period.
2. This act provided a relief for the aged, sick, and poor infants.
3. This act also provided a relief for the capable unemployed in workhouses.

1. The workers dared to oppose the government to shut down the shops created by the efforts of Louis Bane.
2. So, between June 24 and 26, thousands of people were killed in france.
3. Eleven thousand revolutionaries were imprisoned or deported.

1. Universal suffrage.
2. Voting by ballot, to prevent intimidation.
3. No property qualification for candidates.
4. Payment of members elected to the House of Commons.
5. Equal electoral districts and equal representation.
6. Annual parliaments.

1. The strike in the Homestead Steel workshop in Britain went up in a gun battle. 
2. The Pullman strike by the US Railway Union was suppressed by the administration.
3. In Britain, the Match stick Girls Strike ended with their enormous victory.
4. There was also a dock strike in the port of London.

1. The Parisians grew bitter when bigger numbers of monarchists were returned to the National Assembly.
2. Then came the betrayal of the republic - the appointment of 71-year-old Thiers.
3. Paris was once again armed.
4. As the regular army had been disbanded under the terms of agreement with Prussia, the Parisian masses kept their arms.

1. In other parts of Europe there arose a number of risings.
2. The revolution was successful in the Netherlands, where Belgium was separated to form an independent state.
3. The Greeks received the support of the great powers and attained independence from the Turks.
4. But the revolt of Poles against the Russian Tsar was suppressed.

1. Europe in the nineteenth century was influenced by the developments in France.
2. Metternich was the one who sought to suppress the spirit of democracy and nationalism that arose in Europe.
3. He said, ''When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold".
4. France sneezed not once, but thrice in 1789, 1830 and 1848, when revolutions broke out in France.

1. The Napoleonic rule, for the first time, provided Italy with a sense of unity through uniform administration.
2. The several secret societies such as the like the Corporanari, who were insisting on free and patriotic ideas, became more spread.
3. Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi were the three central figures of the unification of ltaly.
4. Parma, Modena and Tuscany were merged with the Kingdom of Piedmont- Sardinia through plebiscites.
5. Plebiscites held in Sicily, Naples and Papal States led to their merger with Piedmont-Sardinia.
6. At the end of the war with Austria, Italy acquired Lombardy under the Zurich pact.
7. During the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Italy had allied itself with Prussia and was rewarded with Venetia.
8. In 1871, Italy took advantage of the Franco-Prussian War to annex Rome as the French forces withdrew.

1. Etienne-Gabriel Morally, the Utopian thinker, proposed a communistic organisation of society.
2. The term "Utopian Socialism" was first used by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
3. Utopian Socialists recommended the establishment of model communities.
4. Saint-Simon suggested that scientists take the place of priests in the social order.
5. Fourier believed that social conditions were the primary cause of human misery.
6. Robert Owen had developed a theory of Utopian Socialism based on social equality and cooperation.
7. Proudhon wanted to replace nation-state with federations of autonomous communes.
8. Louis Blanc argued that socialism cannot be achieved without state power.