1. The use of iron and steel.
2. The use of new sources of energy or fuels such as coal, steam, and iron.
3. The invention of new machines that increased production.
4. Developments in transport and communication.

1. The island's indigenous population, forced to mine for gold.
2. They was devastated by European diseases and brutal working conditions.
3. By the end of the sixteenth century it had virtually vanished.

1. Nihilism represented a revolt against the established social order.
2. It rejected all authority exercised by the state, church and by the family.
3. It based its belief only on scientific truth.

1. The Bulgarians felt injured and awaited an opportunity to take revenge on Serbia.
2. The passions of the Serbians were inflamed by victory.
3. Anti-Austrian struggle in Serbia and Bosnia became ever more militant.

1. With the election of Mikhail Gorbachev as the President of USSR in March 1985, there were phenomenal political and social changes in the Soviet Union.
2. Gorbachev committed himself to reforms. In February 1986 he spoke in the Communist Party Congress, explaining the need for political and economic restructuring, or perestroika, and called for a new era of transparency and openness, or glasnost.
3. By Perestroika Gorbachev loosened centralised control of many institutions, allowing businesses, fanners and manufacturers to decide for themselves which products to make,how much to produce; and what te charge for them.

1. The USA came out with the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to support the war-tom European countries·to reconstruct their economy.
2. An organisation, OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Cooperation) was formed in April 1948 to oversee the disbursement of Marshall Aid under the auspices of the European Recovery Prograrrnne (ERP).

(i) Holy Communion (also known as the Eucharist) is a religious ceremony performed in church by Catholics.
(ii) Catholic Christians partake of Holy Communion in remembrance of the sacrifices made by Jesus.
(iii) They accept bread and wine which are believed to symbolise (transubstantiation) the body and blood of Jesus Christ.

1. Prussia was successful in establishing the Zollverein (customs union).
2. It included most of the Germanic states except those under the control of Austria.
3. It also provided economic unity to the Germanic states.

1. It worked for the preservation of European order and balance of power.
2. They intervened in the case of countries threatened by internal rebellion.
3. They Imposed their overall decision on the affected countries.

1. The primary colonial institutions were finally established.
2. The system of civil services and judiciary was established on the basis of English education.
3. The municipal and provincial governments were established through the elections.

1. United States declared war on Japan.
2. Thus making it an absolute second world war.
3. Britain and China joined the US.

1) Ambedkar launched news journals and organizations. Mook Nayak (leader of the dumb) was the journal to articulate his views and the Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha (Association for the welfare of excluded) spearheaded his activities.
2) As a member of the Bombay legislative council he worked tirelessly to secure removal of disabilities imposed on untouchables.

She published a book How India brought for Freedom, a weekly The Commonweal, a daily newspaper New India.

1) The dismemberment of the Caliphate was seen as a blow to Islam. Muslims around the world, sympathetic to the cause of the Caliph, decided to oppose the move.
2) Muslims in India also organised themselves under the leadership of the Ali brothers - Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali started a movement known as Khalifat Movement.

1) The patriotism glued with the assertion of Hindu beliefs was not accepable to the Muslims.
2) Also much like their predecessors the leaders of the swadeshi movement failed to penetrate the larger section of the society.
3) The Surat split of 1907 was another contributing factor to this decline.

1) The English Education act was passed by the council of india in 1835.
2) T.B Macaulay drafted this system of education introduced in India.
3) Consequently, the colonial administration started schools, Colleges and Universities, imparting English and modern education, in India.
4) The colonial government Expected this section of educated  Indians to be the loyal to the british and act as the pillars of the british Raj. 

1) The British fixed the land revenue in cash without any regard to various contingencies, such as failure of crops, fall in prices and droughts or floods.
2) Moreover, the practice of sale in settlement of debt encouraged money lenders to advance money to landholders and resorting to every kind of trickery to rob them of their property.

Bhagat Singh along with Rajguru; Sukhdev, Jatindra Nath Das and 21 others were arrested and tried for the murder of Saunders (the case was known as the Second Lahore Conspiracy Case).

Philip Spratt, Ban Bradley and Lester Hutchinson

Within twenty years after independence, India achieved self-sufficiency in food production.
1) Total rice production increased from 35 million tonnes in 1960-61 to 104 million tonnes in 2011-12.
2) wheat production was even more impressive, from 11 million tonnes to 94 million tonnes  during the same period
3) This also created an enormous demand for chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and these industries grew as well.
4) There is also a sustained increase in the production of milk and eggs. A large reserve stock of food grain was built up by the government through buying the surplus food grain from the farmers and storing this in warehouses of the Food Corporation of India (FCI).

1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
2. Mutual non-aggression.
3. Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs.
4. Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit.
5. Peaceful co-existence.

1) Patel had been negotiating with the Maharaja of Kashmir since 1946, Hari Singh was opposed to accession.
2) However, in a few months after independence - in October 1947 - marauders from Pakistan raided Kashmir and there was no way that Maharaja Hari Singh could resist this attack on his own. Before India went to his rescue the Instrument of Accession was signed by him at the instance of Patel.
3) Thus Kashmir too became an integral part of the Indian Union.

1) Subhas Chandra Bose was isolated within the Congress, as most leaders in the organisation's top refused cooperation with him.
2) Bose resigned and the AICC session at Calcutta elected Rajendra Prasad as president.
3) Bose founded the Forward Bloc to function within the Congress and was eventually removed from all positions in the organization in August 1939.

One great outcome of the efforts at unity, however, was an offer by the Conference of Muslims, which met at Delhi on March 20, 1927 to give up separate electorates if four proposals were-accepted.
1. The separation of Sind from Bombay
2. Reforms for the Frontier and Baluchistan
3. Representation by population in the Punjab and Bengal and
4. Thirty-three percent seats for the Muslims in the Central Legislature.

Centrally organized political parties exclusively for Muslims, had the following objectives:
1) To promote among the Muslims of India feelings of loyalty to the British Government, and remove any misconception that may arise as to the instruction of Government with regard to any of its measures.
2) To protect and advance the political rights and interests of Muslims of India, and to respectfully represent their needs and aspirations to the Government.
3) To prevent the rise among the Muslims of India of any feeling of hostility towards other communities without prejudice to the aforementioned objects of the League.