1. The use of iron and steel.
2. The use of new sources of energy or fuels such as coal, steam, and iron.
3. The invention of new machines that increased production.
4. Developments in transport and communication.

1. Mussolini won over the Roman Catholic Church by recognising the Vatican City as an independent state.
2. In return the Church recognised the Kingdom of Italy.
3. The Roman Catho lie faith was made the religion of Italy.

1. The Korean War of 1950-53 and the Vietnam Wars of 1955-75 were classic examples of the Cold War period.
2. In both case Soviet Union supported the communist government in North Korea and in North Vietnam and the United States supported South Korea and South Vietnam.
3. These wars resulted in huge casualties and losses, and turned out to be civil wars as well.
4. International opinion was mobilised in these wars, and anti-Vietnam protests made a profound impact on the politics, society and culture of the US and western Europe.

1. Prussia was successful in establishing the Zollverein (customs union).
2. It included most of the Germanic states except those under the control of Austria.
3. It also provided economic unity to the Germanic states.

1. In Disarmament Conference, The issue was the German rearmament plan on a par with France.
2. The French refused to agree to this proposal.
3. As a result, Germany withdrew from the League of Nations.

1) During the War the British encouraged Indian industries which manufactured war time goods. As the war progressed they wanted more goods so more workers were recruited.
2) Once the war ended workers were laid off and production cut down. Further prices increased dramatically in the post-War situation.
3) India was also in the grip of a world-wide epidemic of influenza. In response labourers began to organize to fight and trade unions were formed to protect the interests of the workers.

1) Nationalism means loyalty and devotion to a nation 
2) It is a consciousness or tendency to exalt and place one nation above all the others, emphasising promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations.

1) The objectives of this socialist pattern of development were: the reduction of inequalities, elimination of exploitation, and prevention of concentration of wealth.
2) Social justice meant that all citizens would have an equal opportunity to education and employment.
3) This essentially entailed the active participation of the state in the process of development.

Indians shall make their own constitution was laid down by Gandhi as early as in 1922. Elections were held, based on the 1935 Act, to the Provincial Assemblies in August 1946. These elected assemblies in turn were to elect the Central Assembly, which would also become the Constituent Assembly.

1) Of 968 delegates attending the sixth annual conference of the Hindu Mahasabha in Varanasi in August 1923, 56.7 % came from the U.P. The United Provinces (UP), the Punjab, Delhi and Bihar together contributed 86.8 % of the delegates.
2) Madras, Bombay and Bengal combined sent only 6.6% of the delegates.

1) The first successful Indian entrepreneur, he is called the father of the Indian modem industry.
2) In order to help his father's business, he travelled all over the world and this exposure helped him in his future endeavours.

1. The UK imposed its US settlements on the NavigationActs, the Sugar Tax Stamp Act, the Townshend Act, the tea tax, and The Intolerable Acts.
2. So representatives of the colonies appealed for the intolerated laws to be removed.
3. They sent a request to the King of England, George III, with an olive branch. But the demand was rejected.
Course:
1. The British army was led by William Howe while the American forces were led by George Washington.
2. The Battle of Saratoga, the British General Burgoyne was forced to surrender.
3. Finally, the British forces surrendered to the American forces at York Town.
Results:
1. In England Lord North resigned as Prime Minister.
2. A peace treaty was signed between the Great Britain and America at Paris.
3. George Washington became the first president of the United States of America.

1. Marx and Engels held the firm view that the existence of the bourgeoisie was as necessary.
2. Influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx, Lenin believed that the way for freedom was through mass action.
3. The failure of the Tsar's regime, the defeat by Japan, the Sunday massacre land the defeat of the First World War, led to the revolution in Russia.
4. The Menshevik government was established in Russia through the revolution. Lenin schemed to overthrow it.
5. His slogan of All power to the Soviets soon won over the workers leaders.
6. The slogan' Bread, peace and land' attracted the victims of the war.
7. Devastated by war time shortages, the people were attracted by the slogan of Bread, Peace and Land.
8. Lenin persuaded the Bolshevik Central Committee to decide on an immediate revolution.
9. Accordingly, key government buildings, including the Winter Palace and the Prime Ministers headquarters, were seized.

1. As the United Nations voted to partition Palestine into a Jewish state And an Arab state in November 1947.
2. So conflict broke out almost immediately between Jews and Arabs in Palestine.
3. On the eve of the British forces withdrawal, Israel declared independence. 
4. From the start, when Israel was created, there was little involvement of the UN in making political decisions.
5. By 1966 the U.S. providing began to Israel with advanced planes and missiles.
6. In April 1967 there were artillery exchanges between Israel and Syria.
7. The U.S. Sixth Fleet remained off the Syrian coast.
8. Egypt closed the Straits of Taran to Israeli shipping. In early June Israel attacked Egypt.

Causes of Protestant Reformation
(i) The practice of sale of indulgence, nepotism, and simony came under attack
(ii) Inexperienced youths were appointed to lucrative bishoprics.
(iii) Clergymen received incomes from several churches but never appeared in any of them
(iv) The peasantry saw the Church as an oppressive landowner. Martin Luther organise the Protestant Reformation
(v) After a visit to Rome Martin Luther became disgusted with the corruption and luxury of the Church.
(vi) He wrote ninety-five complaints against the Roman Church known as, 95 Theses.
(vii) He argued that Bible alone is supreme and not the Pope and Bishops.
(viii) He believed that only two main rituals, namely, baptism and Holy Communion are accepted by the Bible. In this way the Protestant revolt began.

1. Etienne-Gabriel Morally, the Utopian thinker, proposed a communistic organisation of society.
2. The term "Utopian Socialism" was first used by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
3. Utopian Socialists recommended the establishment of model communities.
4. Saint-Simon suggested that scientists take the place of priests in the social order.
5. Fourier believed that social conditions were the primary cause of human misery.
6. Robert Owen had developed a theory of Utopian Socialism based on social equality and cooperation.
7. Proudhon wanted to replace nation-state with federations of autonomous communes.
8. Louis Blanc argued that socialism cannot be achieved without state power.

1. According to the Treaty of Versailles, in 1935, Hitler held a general referendum in the SAR area and annexed it with Germany.
2. In 1936 Hitler flouted the Treaty of Versailles by sending troops to occupy Rhineland.
3. The Nazi state was established in Austria by the pressure of Hitler.
4. Then the German forces entered Vienna and began to establish control over the country.
5. Before the referendum was held in the Sudetenland, Hitler occupied it with his army.
6. In the Munich conference, the Prime ministers of Britain, France, Germany and Italy issued the approval.
7. Using the conflict in Czechoslovakia, Hitler sent German forces to occupy the conflict zone.
8. Hitler, who was aiming to occupy the whole of Europe, On September 1, 1939, the attack on Poland was held.
9. The reason for the Second World War was the rejection of Britains ultimatum to leave Germany in Poland.

1) The Khilafat Conference, at the instance of Gandhi, decided to launch the non-cooperation movement from 31 August 1920.
2) Earlier an all party meet at Allahabad had decided on a programme of boycott of government educational institutions and their law courts.
3) The Congress met in a special session at Calcutta in September 1920 and resolved to accept Gandhi's proposal on non-cooperation with the colonial state till such time as Khilafat and Punjab grievances were redressed and self-government established.
4) Non-cooperation movement included boycott of schools, colleges, courts, government offices, legislatures, foreign goods, return of government conferred titles and awards.
5) Alternatively, national schools, panchayats were to be set up' and swadeshi goods manufactured and used. The struggle at a later stage was to include no tax campaign and, mass civil disobedience, etc.
6) A regular Congress session held at Nagpur in 1920 endorsed the earlier resolutions. Another important resolution at Nagpur was to recognize and set up linguistic Provincial Congress Committees which drew a large number of workers into the movement.
7) In order to broad base the Congress, the workers were to reach out to the villages and enroll the villagers in the Congress on a nominal fee of four annas (25 paise). The overall character of the Congress underwent change and an atmosphere where a large majority of the masses could develop a sense of belonging to the nation and the national struggle developed.
8) But it also led to some conservatives who were opposed to mass participation in the struggle to leave the Congress.
9) Thus the Congress under Gandhi was shedding its elitist character, becoming a mass organization and in a real sense 'National'.

(1) The Khilafat issue was interpreted differently by different sections. Lower-class Muslims in U.P. interpreted the Urdu word khilaf (against) and used it as a symbol of general revolt against authority, while the Mappillais of Malabar converted it into a banner of anti landlord revolt.
(2) In Malabar, Muslim (Mapilla) peasants rose up in armed rebellion against upper caste landholders and the British government.
(3) The bloody Malabar rebellion of 1921, where Muslim peasants were pitted against both the British rulers and Hindu landlords, gave another reason for the renewed campaign of the Hindu Mahasabha.
(4) Though the outbreak was basically an agrarian revolt, communal passion ran high in consequence of which Gandhi himself viewed it as a Hindu-Muslim conflict.
(5) Gandhi wanted Muslim leaders to tender a public apology for the happenings in Malabar.

1) As pointed out earlier, thanks to the campaigns conducted by Bal Gangadhar Tilak Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, often referred to as the Lal-Bal-Pal triumvirate, Maharashtra, Bengal, Punjab, emerged as the epicentres of militant nationalism during the Swadeshi phase.
2) Aurobindo Ghose was another influential figure in the militant leadership. The nationalism of this form was more assertive compared to the early Indian nationalism.
3) Both the groups, moderate and militant, were well aware of the evils or the wrong doings of the British rule.
4) The moderates, however, worked under the belief that the British rule in India could be reformed by convincing the rulers through representation and petitioning.
5) The militant nationalist, on the other hand, was of the opinion that the colonial rulers would never be amenable to reason, as they would not like to give up the advantages of an empire.
6) Militant nationalism also changed the nature of political pressure from the earlier force of public opinion of educated Indians to the protesting masses.
7) Despite these changes, the militant nationalism phase retained a continuity from the moderate phase.
8) This continuity was evident in the inability to transcend the peaceful method of struggle and for the most parts militant nationalism remained tied to the idea of non-violence. However, they appealed to the patriotic sentiments of the people using the religious symbols.
Swaraj or Political Independence
1) One of the common goals of the militant leaders was to achieve Swaraj or Self Rule. However, the leaders differed on the meaning of Swaraj.
2) For Tilak, Swaraj was restricted to the Indian control over the administration or rule by the natives, but not total severance of relation with Britain.
3) In Bipin Chandra Pal's view, Swaraj was the attainment of complete freedom from any foreign rule.

1) Education and health constitute the social sectors, and the status of education and health indicators are yardsticks for assessing the level of social development in a country.
2) Sadly, India is far behind many less developed countries, especially on health indicators like maternal mortality and infant mortality, and education indicators with respect to school education.
3) These poor outcomes are a reflection of the low share of plan outlay set aside for the social sectors.
4) This hovered between 16 and 18% between 956 and 1990 (Second to the Seventh Plans). The outlay has increased only from the Eighth Pian onwards due to a greater emphasis on social justice and inclusive growth.
5) But it was still less than 30% of the total outlay.
6) It crossed the one-third mark only .in the Twelfth Plan. Expenditure on education as a percentage of total GDP has been less than 5% in India, and compares unfavourably with China and other Asian countries.
7) Literacy levels have increased in India from 18.3% in 1951 to 74% in 2011. Female literacy still lags behind the male literacy rate at 65% as compared to 82% among men.
8) There has been a great increase in the number of schools from the primary to senior high school level and in the growth of institutions of higher learning.
9) In 2014-15 there were 12.72 lakh primary and upper primary schools, 2.45 lakh secondary .and higher secondary schools, 38, 498 colleges and 43 Central Universities, 316 State Universities, 122 Deemed Universities and 181 State Private Universities in the country.
10)  Enrolment in primary schools stood at 96%, and 40% in the secondary and higher secondary schools. However, the drop-out rate is 51% in primary schools, and as high as 62% in secondary and high schools.
11) Children dropping out of school mostly belonged to the poorer families in rural and urban areas and socially backward castes (SCs and STs).
12) The drop-out rate is particularly high among girl children. This is because they are often withdrawn from school either because the family is not able to afford to keep all the children in school and more often because they have to assist in household chores and looking after younger children in the family.
13) There are great inter-regional variations in the drop-out and enrolment rates, so that backward states and regions have the poorest record on school education.
14) A further problem is that government schools at all levels are perceived to be functioning very badly.
15) Teachers are often absent and seem to show little interest in providing good education to the students.
16) This has resulted in most parents, including low income parents, opting to take their children out of government schools (which are free) and putting them in private schools, paying high fees, because these are supposed to give better education.
17) Since private schools are rarely set up in backward regions with high levels of poverty, the regional disparities in school education have become more accentuated.

1) The founding principles of independent India's foreign policy were, in fact, formulated at least three decades before independence. It evolved in the course of the freedom struggle and was rooted in its conviction against any form of colonialism. Jawaharlal Nehru was its prime architect.
2) India's foreign policy was based on certain basic principles. They are anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism, anti-apartheid or anti-racism, non-alignment with the super powers, Afro- Asian Unity, non-aggression, non-interference in other's internal affairs, mutual respect for each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and the promotion of world peace and security. The commitment to peace between nations was not placed in a vacuum; it was placed with an equally emphatic commitment to justice.
3) The context in which India's foreign policy was formulated was further complicated by the two contesting power blocs that dominated the world in the post-war scenario: the US and the USSR. Independent India responded to this with non-alignment as its foreign policy .doctrine. Before we go into the details of non-alignment, it will be useful to look at India's relationship with China since independence. China was liberated by its people from Japanese colonial expansionism in 1949, just two years after India's Independence. Nehru laid a lot of importance on friendship with China, with whom India shared a long border
4) India was the first to recognize the new People's Republic of China on January 1, 1950. The shared experience of suffering at the hands of colonial powers and its consequences - poverty and underdevelopment - in Nehru's perception was force enough to get the two nations to join hands to give Asia its due place in the world. Nehru pressed for representation for Communist China in the UN Security Council.
5) Tibet, in 1950, India was unhappy that it had not been taken into confidence. In 1954, India and China signed a treaty in which India recognized China's rights over Tibet and the two countries placed their relationship within a set of principles, widely known since then as the principles of Panch Sheel.
6) Meanwhile, Nehru took special efforts to project China and Chou En-lai at the Bandung Conference, held in April 1955. In 1959, the Dalai Lama, fled Tibet along with thousands of refugees after a revolt by the Buddhists was crushed by the Chinese government. The Dalai Lama was given asylum in India and it made the Chinese unhappy. Soon after, in October 1959, the Chinese opened fire on an Indian patrol near the Kongka pass in Ladakh, killing five Indian policemen and capturing a dozen others. Though talks were held at various levels including with Chou En-lai, not much headway was made.
7) Then came the 1962 war with China. On 8 September 1962, Chinese forces attacked the Thagla ridge and dislodged Indian troops. All the goodwill and attempts to forge an Asian bloc in the world came to a stop. India took a long time to recover from the blow to its self-respect, and perhaps it was only the victory over Pakistan in the Bangladesh war, in which China and the US were also supporting Pakistan, that restored the sen.se of selfworth.
8) India's contribution to the world, however, was not restricted to its relationship with China and the Panch Sheel. It was most pronounced and lasting in the form of non-alignment and its concretisation at the Bandung Conference.
9) In March 1947, Nehru organised the Asian Relations Conference, attended by more than twenty countries. The theme of the conference was Asian independence and assertion on the world stage. Another such conference was held in December 1948 in specific response to the Dutch attempt to re-colonize Indonesia. The de-colonization initiative was carried forward further at the Asian leaders' conference in Colombo in 1954, culminating in the Afro- Asian Conference in Bandung, Indonesia, in 1955. The Bandung Conference set the stage for the meeting of nations at Belgrade and the birth of the Non-Aligned Movement.
10) The architect of independent India's foreign policy, indeed, was Jawaharlal Nehru and the high point of it was reached in 1961 then he stood with Nasser of Egypt and Tito of Yugoslavia to call for nuclear disarmament and peace. The importance of non-alignment and its essence in such a world is best explained from what Nehru had to say about it.

In April 1944, when the Congress leaders were in jail, C.Rajagopalachari put out a proposal to resolve the issue. It contained the following:
1)  A post-war commission to be formed to demarcate the contiguous districts where the Muslims were in absolute majority and a plebiscite of the adult population there to ascertain whether they would prefer Pakistan;
2) In case of a partition there would be a mutual agreement to run certain essential services, like defence or communication;
3) The border districts could choose to join either of the two sovereign states;
4) The implementation of the scheme would wait till after full transfer of power. After his release from prison, Gandhi, in July 1944, proposed talks with Jinnah based on what came to be the 'Rajaji formula'. The talks did not go anywhere.
Wavell Plan:
1) In June 1945 Lord Wavell moved to negotiate and called for the Simla conference.
2) The rest of the Congress leaders, including Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel and the Congress president, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad were released from jail for this.
3) Wavell convinced Churchill for a Congress-Muslim League coalition government as a way to deal with the post-war political crisis.
4) The Viceroy's proposal before the leaders of all political formations and most prominently the Congress and the Muslim League was setting up of an Executive Council, exclusively with Indians along with himself and the commander-in-chief; equal number of representatives in the council for the caste Hindus and the Muslims and separate representation for the Scheduled Castes; and start of discussions for a new constitution.
5) The proposal displeased everyone. The Simla Conference held between June 25 and July 14-1945 ended without resolution.
6) The talks broke down on the right of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League to nominate members to the Viceroy's Council.
7) The Muslim League insisted on its exclusive right to nominate Muslim members to the Council.
8) Its demand was that the Congress nominees shall only be caste Hindus and that the Indian National Congress should not nominate a Muslim or a member from the Scheduled Caste.
9) This was seen as a means to further the divide on communal lines and deny the Congress the status of representing the Indian people.
10) Lord Wavell found a council without Muslim League representation as unworkable and thus abandoned the Simla talks.
11) The years between the Lahore resolution of 1940 and the Simla Conference in 1945 marked the consolidation of a Muslim national identity and the emergence of Jinnah as its sole spokesperson.
12) It was at a convention of Muslim League Legislators in Delhi in April 1946, that Pakistan was defined as a 'sovereign independent state.
13) For the first time the League also declared its composition in geographical terms as 'the region consisting of the Muslim majority provinces of Bengal and Assam in the Northeast and the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan in the Northwest.
14) The Congress president Maulana Abul Kalam Azad rejected this idea and held that the Congress stood for a united India with complete independence.
15) All these were developments after the Simla conference of June-July 1945 and after Churchill was voted out and replaced by a Labour Party government headed by Clement Attlee.
16) Times had changed in a substantial sense. British Prime Minister, Attlee had declared the certainty of independence to India with only the terms left to be decided.

Hindu nationalism:
1) In the Punjab communalism as a powerful movement had set in completely. In 1924 Lala Lajpat Rai openly advocated the partition of the Punjab into Hindu and Muslim Provinces.
2) The Hindu Mahasabha, represented the forces of Hindu revivalism in the political domain, raised the slogan of' Akhand Hindustan' against the Muslim League's demand of separate electorates for Muslims.
3)  Ever since its inception, the Mahasabha's role in the freedom struggle has been rather controversial. While not supportive of British rule, the Mahasabha did not offer its full support to the nationalist movement either.
4) Since the Indian National Congress had to mobilize the support of all classes and communities against foreign domination, the leaders of different communities could not press for principle of secularism firmly for the fear of losing the support of religious minded groups.
5) The Congress under the leadership of Gandhi held a number of unity conferences during this period, but to no avail.
Muslim nationalism
1) One great outcome of the efforts at unity, however, was an offer by the Conference of Muslims, which met at Delhi on March 20, 1927 to give up separate electorates if four proposals were accepted.
1. the separation of Sind from Bombay
2. Reforms for the Frontier and Baluchistan
3. Representation by population in the Punjab and Bengal and
4. Thirty-three per cent seats for the Muslims in the Central Legislature.
Indian nationalism
1) The nationalism of the Indian National Congress was personified by Mahatma Gandhi, who rejected the narrow nationalism exemplified by the Arya Samaj and the Aligargh movement and strove to evolve a political identity that transcended the different religions.
2) Notwithstanding the state-supported communalism of different hues, the Indian National Congress remained a dominant political force in India.
3) In the 1937 elections, Congress won in seven of the eleven provinces and fonned the largest party in three others. The Muslim League's performance was dismal. It succeeded in winning only 4.8 per cent of the Muslim votes.
4) The Congress had emerged as a mass secular party. Yet the Government branded it a Hindu organisation and projected the Muslim League as the real representative of the Muslims and treated it on a par with the Congress.
5) Hindu nationalism, Muslim nationalism and secular nationalism competed with each other to politicise the people in their fight against British colonialism.

1) Bhagat Singh was born to Kishan Singh (father) and Vidyavati Kaur (mother) on 28 September 1907 in Jaranwala, Lyallpur district, Punjab, now a part of Pakistan. His father was a liberal and his family was a family of freedom fighters.
2) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre happened when Bhagat Singh was 14 years. Early in his youth, he was associated with the Naujawan Bharat Sabha and the Hindustan Republican Association.
3) The latter organisation was founded by Sachin Sanyal and Jogesh Chatterji. It was reorganised subsequently in September 1928 as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (H.S.R.A) by Bhagat Singh and his comrades.
4) Socialist ideals and the October Revolution in Russia of 1917 were large influences on these revolutionaries. Bhagat Singh was one of the leaders of the H.S.R.A along with Chandrashekhar Azad, Shivaram Rajguru and Sukhdev Thapar.
Bhagat Singh's Bomb Throwing
1) The image that comes to our mind at the very mention of Bhagat Singh's name is that of the bomb he threw in the Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, 1929. The bombs did not kill anybody. It was intended as a demonstrative action, an act of protest against the draconian laws of the British. They chose the day on which the Trade Disputes Bill, an anti-labour legislation was introduced in the assembly.
Lahore Conspiracy Case
1) Bhagat Singh along with Rajguru, Sukhdev, Jatindra Nath Das and 21 others were arrested and tried for the murder of Saunders (the case was known as the Second Lahore Conspiracy Case).
2) Jatindra Nath Das died in the jail after 64 days of hunger strike against the discriminatory practices and poor conditions in jail. The verdict in the bomb throwing case had been suspended until the trial of Lahore Conspiracy trials was over. It was in this case that Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were sentenced to death on 7 October 1930.
3) A letter from them to the Governor of Punjab shows their courage and their optimism over the future of India even while facing death for the cause of freedom of their country. It says, 'the days of capitalism and imperialism are numbered. The war neither began with us nor is going to end with our lives. According to the verdict of your court we had waged a war and we are therefore war prisoners. And we claim to be treated as such i.e.. we claim to be shot dead instead of being hanged.
4) Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged early in the morning of March 23, 1931 in the Lahore Jail. They faced the gallows with courage, shouting Inquilab Zindabad and Down with British Imperialism until their last breath.
5) The history of freedom struggle is incomplete without the revolutionary strand of nationalism and the ultimate sacrifice of these revolutionaries.

1. Britain recognised the freedom colonies and the formation of the United States of America.
2. France gained certain British territories in West Indies, India and Africa.
3. Spain obtained Florida from Great Britain
4. Holland and England maintained the status quo that prevailed before the war.

1. Nicholas encouraged Russian expansion in Manchuria, provoking a war with Japan in1904.
2. The resulting Russian defeat led to strikes and riots.
3. Opposition to the Tsar grew Consequences.
4. Nicholas was forced to grant a constitution and establish a parliament, the Duma.
5. The left-wing parties that formed a soviet of workers delegates in St Petersburg.

1. When West Germany became a member of NATO, USSR saw it as a direct threat and .decided to make a counter arrangement.
2. In May 1955, a "treaty of mutual friendship, co-operation and mutual assistance" was signed by Soviet Union and seven of its European allies.
3. It was named as The Warsaw Pact, as the.treaty Was signed in Warsaw, the capital of poland.
4. The members were Soviet Union, Albania, Poland, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria. The treaty called upon member states to come to the defence of any member if it was attacked by an outside force.

(i) A French Protestant he opposed the activities of the Church.
(ii) He was excommunicated for fighting the Pope. After his excommunication, he settled In Geneva, Switzerland.
(iii) His book titled 'Institutes of the Christian Religion' in Latin contains his core ideas.
(iv) Calvin was a great organiser and for a while he controlled the

1. The strike in the Homestead Steel workshop in Britain went up in a gun battle. 
2. The Pullman strike by the US Railway Union was suppressed by the administration.
3. In Britain, the Match stick Girls Strike ended with their enormous victory.
4. There was also a dock strike in the port of London.

1. Sun Yat-sen founded a political party in Tokyo, which became the Kuomintang Party.
2. Sun Yat-sen, the inspirer of the organisation, wanted a republic china.
3. After the death of Sun Yat-sen, the Kuomintang did not adopt Communist policies.
4. The Kuomintang represented the interests of the landlords and capitalists.

The demands of the Khilafat Movement were presented by Mohammad Ali to the diplomats in Paris in March 1920. They were:
1)  The Sultan of Turkey's position of Caliph should not be disturbed.,
2) The Muslim sacred places must be handed over to the Sultan and should be controlled by him.
3) The Sultan must be left with sufficient territory to enable him to defend the Islamic faith and
4) The Jazirat-ul-Arab (Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Palestine) must remain under his sovereignty

1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
2. Mutual non-aggression.
3. Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs.
4. Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit.
5. Peaceful co-existence.

The outbreak of Second World War and Britain's decision to involve India in the War without consulting Congress ministries in provinces, provoked the leaders of Indian National Congress and Gandhi.
1. The Congress ministers resigned in protest.
2. The Cripps Mission arrived in March 1942 to assuage the nationalists.
3.  But its proposals bore no fruit.
4.  Gandhi decided to embark on the Quit India Movement in August 1942.