(i) The French king Charles VII was helped by Joan of Are, a young girl who fought courageously and won the battle at Orleans. Joan of Arc was given the title Maid of Orleans.
(ii) However, she was captured by the English and tried by the court for her claim that she was guided by heavenly voices. She was condemned as a witch and burnt at the stakes in 1430.

(i) Pope Paul III appointed the cardinals to reform the Catholic Church.
(ii) The Council of Trent met three times in eighteen years and emphasised faith in the Bible - and the teachings at Church along with adherence to the seven sacraments for salvation.
(iii) The celibacy of the priests and the supremacy of the Pope were upheld.
(iv) The council also removed the abuses in the Church such as sale of indulgence, nepotism and absenteeism of the Bishops.
(v) It supported the image worship of Jesus and Mary in all churches.

(i) There was conflict between two royal houses in England namely the House of York and House of Lancaster for the throne.
(ii) This led to the War of the Roses.
(iii) They wore badges of white rose and red rose respectively, hence the name.
(iv) In this civil war, Henry Tudor emerged victorious and he started a new line of monarchy in England.

(i) Holy Communion (also known as the Eucharist) is a religious ceremony performed in church by Catholics.
(ii) Catholic Christians partake of Holy Communion in remembrance of the sacrifices made by Jesus.
(iii) They accept bread and wine which are believed to symbolise (transubstantiation) the body and blood of Jesus Christ.

(i) The medieval kings were at the mercy of their nobles who were prepared to align with the king's enemies at any time.
(ii) The plague that struck Europe in medieval time weakened the nobility. As thousands of peasants died-the nobility lost their work force and their taxes too.
(iii) Nobles died in large numbers during the course of Crusades. The decline of feudalism was a decisive factor in enabling the new rising monarchy to assert itself.

1. The pope tried to hold peace talks with Luther by calling him for Diet of Worms. If failed.
2. The Diet of Worms disavowed his books and burnt them.
3. He was outlawed from the Holy Roman Empire by the emperor. Martin Luther's radical views influenced many and one such was Thomas Muntzer who fought for a classless society.
4. This started the Peasant's Rebelling in parts of Germany. However, Luther supported the feudal lords in this fight and denounced the peasant movement.

1. The Spanish kings were apprehensive about the Portuguese venture into sea voyages.
2. They requested Pope Alexander VI to find a solution. In 1493, the Pope issued a Papal Bull (proclamation).
3. The proclamation drew a north-south line from pole to passing around 320 miles west of the Cape Verde islands.
4. It declared that any new discoveries west of the line belonged to spain.

1. Erasmus was a protester of many church practices and teachings.
2. His well known work, the praise of folly (1511), made fun of theologians and monks.

(i) Cabral sailed to India, following the route of Vasco da Gama, and reached Kozhikode.
(ii) The zamorin ruler allowed Cabral to build a fort and carry on trade.
(iii) He then left for Cochin, further south, where he was warmly received.
(iv) After establishing a port at Cannanore Cabral returned with six shiploads of spices to Portugal.

(i) On 3 August 1492 Columbus sailed from the harbour of Palos, with three small ships.
(ii) After a voyage of two months, he came to a land which he believed to be India.
(iv) But it wag really a new continent, America.
(v) They were called Indians because, he believed that the land he had discovered was India.

(i) A French Protestant he opposed the activities of the Church.
(ii) He was excommunicated for fighting the Pope. After his excommunication, he settled In Geneva, Switzerland.
(iii) His book titled 'Institutes of the Christian Religion' in Latin contains his core ideas.
(iv) Calvin was a great organiser and for a while he controlled the

(i) John Cabot, an Itali are explorer saw the Canada and made it an English colony.
(ii) Giovanni da Verrazano, another Italian, explored the lands for the French.
(iii) He annexed provinces for the French in eastern Canada.
(iv) An English explorer named Henry Hudson wanted to find the passage from North America to the Pacific Ocean.

(i) Italians preserved the belief that they were descendants of the ancient Romans.
(ii) They looked back upon their ancestry with pride.
(iii) Italy had a more secular culture than most other parts of Latin Christendom.
(iv) The old cathedrals and paintings seemed to them gloomy and the old traditions irksome. So in their search for something more to their write page, they discovered books written in Latin.
(v) They learnt to write Latin as the ancient Romans did.

Causes of Protestant Reformation
(i) The practice of sale of indulgence, nepotism, and simony came under attack
(ii) Inexperienced youths were appointed to lucrative bishoprics.
(iii) Clergymen received incomes from several churches but never appeared in any of them
(iv) The peasantry saw the Church as an oppressive landowner. Martin Luther organise the Protestant Reformation
(v) After a visit to Rome Martin Luther became disgusted with the corruption and luxury of the Church.
(vi) He wrote ninety-five complaints against the Roman Church known as, 95 Theses.
(vii) He argued that Bible alone is supreme and not the Pope and Bishops.
(viii) He believed that only two main rituals, namely, baptism and Holy Communion are accepted by the Bible. In this way the Protestant revolt began.

(i) Even in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries Florence had produced Dante and Petrarch, the two great poets of the Italian language.
(ii) Dante s Divine Comedy is a summation of medieval culture.
(iii) Its dominant theme is the salvation of mankind through reason and divine grace.
(iv) It abounds with many other themes such as human love, love of country, interest in natural phenomena.
(v) Petrarch produced works both in Latin and Italian.
(vi) An early humanist, he is considered to be the father of Italian Renaissance literature.
(vii) Boccaccio, also a Florentine, produced Decameron, a collection of 100 stories.
(viii) Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince became famous because of its relevance as a political guide for the rulers.
(ix) In his view, the supreme obligation of the ruler was to maintain the power and safety of the country over which he ruled.