1. By the end of the nineteenth century Germany emerged as the most industrialised country.
2. It surpassed the home of the Industrial Revolution, Britain, and proved to be a competitor of the United States.
3. Daimler and Benz became the most popular brands of automobile in Germany and the world.
4. Germany made its mark in iron and steel industry.

1. When Napoleon invaded Portugal, the King of Portugal, Tom Jovo, fled to his colony, Brazil.
2. But later, his power was challenged in Portugal.
3. So he decided to go to Portugal leaving the colony of Brazil in the hands of his son DomPedro.
4. In 1822, Brazil obtained independence from Portugal.
5. It became the only constitutional monarchy in SouthAmerica.

1. The French people believed that political prisoners in the jails were planning to join a plot of the counter-revolutionaries.
2. So the mob descended on the prisons.
3. Summarily executed those they believed to be royalists.
4. In all about 1,200 prisoners were killed in what came to be known as the September Massacres.

1. Intellectuals played a key role in preparing the soil for the outbreak of the French Revolution
2. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau acted as an impetus to the revolution.
3. Montesquieu, argued for the division of power among the legislative, executive and judiciary.
4. Rousseau, argued that the relationship between the rulers and ruled should be bound by a contract.

1. The concepts of democracy and republic became widespread.
2. The political and social changes were on the lines of democracy and equality.
3. Education gained prominence.
4. The principle of federalism became widespread.

1. Britain recognised the freedom colonies and the formation of the United States of America.
2. France gained certain British territories in West Indies, India and Africa.
3. Spain obtained Florida from Great Britain
4. Holland and England maintained the status quo that prevailed before the war.

1. Provided the capital necessary for investment in industries.
2. Political stability also provided objective conditions for industrial development.
3. The availability of coal and iron deposits in large quantities.
4. The British had well established ports all across the coast which enabled easy internal and external trade. The mechanisation of industry resulted in much greater production and therefore it produced greater wealth.
5. The handicrafts and rendered tens of thousands of artisans and weavers jobless.
6. Men's were thrown out of employment by the cheap labour of women and children.
7. An important outcome of the Industrial Revolution was the creation of two new classes: an industrial bourgeoisie and a proletariat.

1. Haiti, earlier known as Saint-Domingue was the richest French colony in the Caribbean Sea.
2. The storming of the Bastille was followed by armed defiance of the royal governor.
3. Vincent Oge, who had lobbied with the Parisian assembly for colonial reforms.
4. He was led to revolt at the end of 1790. But the rebellion was suppressed and he was hanged.
5. In the late 1790s, Toussaint L Ouverture, gained control of several areas.
6. Napoleon sent a fleet of 12,000 troops to seize control from Toussaint L Ouverture s forces.
7. Napoleons forces were defeated by the Dessalines, even though Toussaint was killed.
8. Saint Domingue became the independent black state of Haiti in 1804.

1. The National Assembly abolished feudalism in the country.
2. In 1789 the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted.
3. In 1791, the National Assembly drafted the constitution by which the powers of the king were limited.
4. People started forming political clubs to discuss the problems they faced.
5. One such club which attained popularity was the Jacobin Club in Paris.
6. On 2 September 1792, the mob descended on the prisons and summarily executed those they believed to be royalists.
7. In 1792 the new Convention abolished monarchy and declared France a republic.
8. King Louis XVI was brought before the People s tribunal and executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793.
9. As the government and the base of society were radicalised, so the Jacobian group leader Robasesphere also hanged.

1. The UK imposed its US settlements on the NavigationActs, the Sugar Tax Stamp Act, the Townshend Act, the tea tax, and The Intolerable Acts.
2. So representatives of the colonies appealed for the intolerated laws to be removed.
3. They sent a request to the King of England, George III, with an olive branch. But the demand was rejected.
Course:
1. The British army was led by William Howe while the American forces were led by George Washington.
2. The Battle of Saratoga, the British General Burgoyne was forced to surrender.
3. Finally, the British forces surrendered to the American forces at York Town.
Results:
1. In England Lord North resigned as Prime Minister.
2. A peace treaty was signed between the Great Britain and America at Paris.
3. George Washington became the first president of the United States of America.