It is a technique of encasing seeds in a mixture of clay & soil humus & scattering them on to suitable ground, not planting of trees manually.

1. Sometimes, ants take their shelter on some trees such as mango, litchi, jamun, acacia etc.
2. These ants act as body guards of the plants against any disturbing agent and the plants in turn provide food and shelter to these ants.
3. This phenomenon is known as Myrmecophily.
Example: Acacia and, Acacia ants.

Vivipary seed germinate in the fruits of mother plant itself.
Example: Halophytes

Soil formation is initiated by the weathering process. Biological weathering takes place when organisms like bacteria, fungi, lichens & plants help in the breakdown of rocks through the production of acids & certain chemical substances.

Certain plants can also be used to remove cadmium from contaminated soil, this is known as phytoremediation.
Example: Eichhornia

1. It deals with the study of environment in relation to organisms.
2. It can be studied by considering individual organisms, population, community, biome or biosphere and their environment.

(a) Life cycle is completed within a short period (Ephemerals)
(b) In succulents the stem possess a water storage region
(c) Root hairs & root caps are also well developed

1. Cuscuta is a total stem parasite of the host plant Acacia, Duranta and many other plants Cuscuta even gets flower inducing hormone from its host Plant.
2. Balanophora, orobanche and Refflesia are the total root parasites found on higher plants.

(a) Mutualism: It is an interaction between two species of organisms in which both are benefitted from the obligate association. The following are common examples of mutualism.
(b) Nitrogen fixation : Rhizobium (Bacterium) forms nodules in the roots of leguminous plants and lives symbiotically. The Rhizobium obtains food from leguminous plant and in turn fixes atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate, making it available to host plants.
Other examples:
Water fern (Azolla) and Nitrogen fixing Cyanobacterium (Anabaena) .

The differences between habitat and niche are as follows.

S. No	Habitat	Niche
1	A specific physical space occupied by an organism (species).	A functional space occupied by an organism in the same eco-system
2	Same habitat may be shared by many organisms (species).	A single niche is occupied by a single species.
3	Habitat specificity is exhibited by organism.	Organisms may change their niche with time and season

i. Free floating hydrophytes: These plants float freely on the surface of water. They remain in contact with water and air, but not with soil. Examples: Eichhornia, Pistia and Wolffia (smallest flowering plant).
ii. Rooted floating hydrophytes: In these plants, the roots are fixed in mud, but their leaves and flowers are floating on the surface of water. These plants are in contact with soil, water and air. Examples: Nelumbo, Nymphaea, Potomogeton and Marsilea. Lotus seeds showing highest longevity in plant kingdom.
iii. Submerged floating hydrophytes: These plants are completely submerged in water and not in contact with soil and air. Examples: Ceratophyllum and Utricularia.
iv. Rooted-submerged hydrophytes: These plants are completely submerged in water and rooted in soil and not in contact with air. Examples: Hydrilla, Vallisneria and Isoetes.
v. Amphibious hydrophytes (Rooted emergent hydrophytes): These plants are adapted to both aquatic and terrestrial modes of life. They grow in shallow water. Examples: Ranunculus, Typha and Sagittaria.

1. In many species of fig trees, there is a one-to one relationship with the pollinator species of wasp. It means that a given fig species can be pollinated only by its 'partner' wasp species & no other species.
2. The female wasp uses the fruit not only as an oviposition (egg, laying) site but uses the developing seeds within the fruit for nourishing its larvae.
3. The wasp pollinates the fig inflorescence while searching for suitable egg-laying sites.
4. In return for the favour of pollination the fig offers the wasp, some of its developing seeds, as food for the developing wasp larvae.
5. The relationship that operates here is co-evolution.