Tapetum are of two types. Secretory tapetum and Invasive tapetum. Tapetum nourishes the pollen grains.

Tapetum is derived partly from peripheral wall layer and partly from the connective tissue of anther lining the anther locule. 

(a) Epidermis
(b) Endothecium
(c) Middle layers
(d) Tapetum

A pollinium is a coherent mass of pollen grains of an anther
Example: Calotropis.

(a) Androecium is the male part of a flower
(b) It is made up of stamens
(c) Each stamen possess anther and a filament
(d) Anthers bear pollen grains (male gametophyte)

(a) Calyx
(b) Corolla
(c) Androecium
(d) Gynoecium

The regeneration of a whole plant from a single cell, tissue or small pieces of vegetative structures through tissue culture is called micropropagation. It is one of the modem methods used to propagate plants.

The genetic ability of a plant cell to produce the entire plant under suitable conditions is said to be totipotency.

(a) Bud grafting
(b) Tongue grafting
(c) Crown grafting
(d) Wedge grafting

In Grafting, parts of two different plants are joined so that they continue to grow as one plant. Of the two plants, the plant which is in contact with the soil is called stock and the plant used for grafting is called Scion.

(a) Cutting
(b) Grafting

(a) Only one parent is required.
(b) New individuals are genetically similar
(c) Rapid spreading
(d) Large scale production

(a) Allium cepa - Bulb
(b) Zingiber officinal is - Rhizome
(c) Agave - Bulbils
(d) Colocasia - Corm

The unit of reproductive structures used in vegetative propagation is called diaspore or reproductive propagules.

(a) Budding - Hydra
(b) Fragmentation - Spirogyra
(c) Regeneration - Planaria
(d) Gemma cup formation - Marchantia