Nitrogen cycle

Phosphorous cycle

Sulphur cycle

Calcium cycle

Eluviation

Catabolism

Anabolism

fragmentation 

pyramid of number in a grassland ecosystem

pyramid of number in a pond ecosystem

pyramid of number in a forest ecosystem

pyramid of biomass in a pond ecosystem

it does not maintain stability in nature

it shows patterns of energy transfer

it explains species interaction

b and c

Producers \(\rightarrow \) Secondary consumers \(\rightarrow \) Primary consumers \(\rightarrow \) Tertiary consumers

Tertiary consumers \(\rightarrow \) Primary consumers \(\rightarrow \)Secondary consumers \(\rightarrow \) Producers

Tertiary consumers \(\rightarrow \) Secondary consumers \(\rightarrow \) Primary consumers \(\rightarrow \) Producers

Tertiary consumers \(\rightarrow \) Producers \(\rightarrow \) Primary consumers \(\rightarrow \) Secondary consumers

decomposers

producers

consumers

all of the above

Pond ecosystem

Lake ecosystem

Grassland ecosystem

Forest ecosystem

with effective light penetration

no effective light penetration

complete absence of light

a and b

not self sufficient and self regulating

partially self sufficient and self regulating

self sufficient and not self regulating

self sufficient and self regulating

forest ecosystem

grassland ecosystem

marine ecosystem

fresh water ecosystem

Forest ecosystem

Rice field

Grassland ecosystem

Desert ecosystem

Bacteria

Humus

Organic compounds

Inorganic compounds