Triticale (Triticum durum x Secale cereale).
Raphanobrassica (Brassica oleraceae x Raphanus sativus).

Majority of flowering plants are diploid (2n). The plants which possess more than two sets of chromosome are called polyploids. Polyploidy often exhibit increased hybrid vigour, increased heterozygosity, increase the tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses and buffering of deleterious mutations.

Advantage: Polyploidy often exhibit hybrid vigour and increased tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Disadvantage: Polyploidy results in reduced fertility due to meiotic error resulting in seedless varieties.

Atomic Garden: Is a form of mutation breeding where plants are exposed to radioactive sources typically cobalt-60 or caesium-137 in order to generate desirable mutation in crop plants

UV short waves, X-rays - Physical mutagens.
Nitromethyl, Urea - Chemical mutagens.

Pseudo heterosis - Also termed as luxuriance. Progeny possess superiority over parents in vegetative growth but not in yield and adaptation, usually sterile or poorly fertile

The superiority of the F1 hybrid in performance over its parents is called heterosis or hybrid vigour.

Emasculation: It is a process of removal of anthers to prevent self-pollination before anthesis (period of opening of a flower).
Bagging: The stigma of the flower is protected against any undesirable pollen grains, by covering it with a bag.

Johannsen in 1903 coined the word pureline. It is a collection of plants obtained as a result of repeated self-pollination from a single homozygous individual.

The newly introduced plant has to adapt itself to the new environment. This adjustment or adaptation of the introduced plant in the changed environment is called acclimatization.

Plant breeding is the science of improvement of crop varieties with higher yield, better quality, resistance to diseases and shorter durations which are suitable to particular environment.

(a) Cassia fistula
(b) Sesbania grandiflora
(c) Azadirachta indica
(d) Pongamia pinnata

Bio-pesticides are biologically based agents used for the control of plant pests. They are in high use due to their non-toxic, cheaper and eco-friendly characteristics as compared to chemical or synthetic pesticides.

Azotobacter and Clostridium

Domestication is the process of bringing a plant species under the control of humans and gradually changing it through careful selection, genetic alteration and handling so that it is more useful to people.