The following are the features that are required to facilitate cloning into a vector.
1. Origin of replication (ori): This is a sequence from where replication starts and piece of DNA when linked to this sequence can be made to replicate within the host cells.
2. Selectable marker: In addition to ori the vector requires a selectable marker, which helps in identifying and eliminating non-transformants and selectively permitting the growth of the transformants.
3. Cloning sites: In order to link the alien DNA, the vector needs to have very few, preferably single, recognition sites for the commonly used restriction enzymes.

Mis-sense Mutation	Non-sense Mutation
The mutation where the codon for one amino acid is changed into a codon for another amino acid is called Mis-sense or  non-synonymous mutations.	The mutations where codon for one amino  acid is changed into a termination or stop codon is called Non-sense mutation.

Nutrients will retain in the ecosystem through biogeochemical cycles. Various nutrients present in soil and atmosphere enter the organism at various trophic levels through food and other process and are cycled back to their origin. Thus the nutrients are not lost but retained in the ecosystem.

The specification part is narrative in which the subject matter of invention is described as how the invention was carried out.
The claim specifically defines the scope of the invention to be protected by the patent which the others may not practice.

(i) Bio pesticide - E.g. Trichoderma species
(ii) Green manure - E.g. Crotalaria juncea
(iv) Bio fertilizer - E.g. Azolla

The act of observing and assessing the current state and ongoing changes in ecosystem, biodiversity components, landscape including natural habitats, populations and species. An agricultural drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle applied to farming in order to help increased crop production and monitor crop growth. Agricultural drones let farmers see their fields from the sky. This bird’s eye-view can reveal many issues such as irrigation problems, soil variation and pest and fungal infestations. It is also used for cost effective safe method of spraying pesticides and fertilizers, which proves very easy and non-harmful.

In-situ conservation means conservation and management of genetic resources in their natural habitats. Here the plant or animal species are protected within the existing habitat. Forest trees, medicinal and aromatic plants under threat are conserved by this method. This is carried out by the community or by the State conservation which includes wildlife, National park, and Biosphere reserve. The ecologically unique and biodiversity-rich regions are legally protected as wildlife sanctuaries, National parks and Biosphere reserves. Megamalai, Sathyamangalam wildlife, Guindy and Periyar National park, and Western Ghats, Nilgiris, Agasthyamalai, and Gulf of Mannar are the biosphere reserves of Tamil Nadu.

1. Gene therapy would be a better option because it has the potential to completely cure the patient.
2. It is because the correct gene once introduced in the patient; can continue to produce the correct protein enzyme.
3. Enzyme therapy does not offer permanent cure as it needs to be given to the patient on regular basis.
4. It is also more expensive.

A - Barrier methods
B - Lactational amenorrhoea
C - Tubectomz
D - CuT

  Grafting Layering Types Types of grafting Bud/Approach/Tongue
Crown/Wedge Types of layering mound / Air Benefits More useful to get more varieties from a single Plant Can get only one type of offspring Usage More useful in horticultural filed Less useful technique in horticultural field Result Can get highly desirable characters from parent stock to different scion Can get same characteristics from parent to offspring

A - Monaxon spicules
B - Micropyle
C - Outer membrane
D - Archaeocytes
E - Inner membrane

Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Dextran Sulphate.

Development of female gamete is called oogenesis. Oogenesis starts at the beginning of puberty.
Development of male gamete is called spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis starts at puberty

The various steps involved in the production of transgenic organisms are,
(i) Identification and separation of desired gene.
(ii) Selection of a vector (generally a virus) or direct transmission.
(iii) Combining the desired gene with the vector.
(iv) Introduction of transferred vector into cells, tissues, embryo or mature individual.
(v) Demonstration of integration and expression of foreign gene in transgenic tissue or animals. Transgenic animals such as mice, rat, rabbit, pig, cow, goat, sheep and fish have been produced.

Characteristics of ecological succession
(I) It is a systematic process which causes changes in specific structure of plant community.
(II) It is resultant of changes of abiotic and biotic factors.
(III) It transforms unstable community into a stable community.
(IV) Gradual progression in species diversity, total biomass, niche specialisation, and humus content of soil takes place.
(V) It progresses from simple food chain to complex food web.
(VI) It modifies the lower and simple life form to the higher life forms.
(VII) It creates inter-dependence of plants and animals.

Botanical pest repellent and insecticide made with the dried leaves of Azadirachta indica Preparation of Bio-pest repellent
(i) Pluck leaves from the neem tree and chop the leaves finely.
(ii) The chopped up leaves were put in a 50-liter container and fill to half with water; put the lid on and leave it for 3 days to brew.
(iii) Using another container, strain the mixture which has brewed for 3 days to remove the leaves, through fine mesh sieve. The filtrate can be sprayed on the plants to repel pests.
(iv) To make sure that the pest repellent sticks to the plants, add 100 ml of cooking oil and the same amount of soap water. (The role of the soap water is to break down the oil, and the role of the oil is to make it stick to the leaves).
(v) The stewed leaves from the mixture can be used in the compost heap or around the base of the plants.