Insulin controls the blood sugar level by facilitating the cellular uptake and utilisation of glucose for the release of energy.

Any specific symbol or words to identify a particular product or process of a company constitute trademark. This enables the public to distinguish between a trader's goods from similar goods of other traders.

A geographical indication is a name or sign used on products which correspond to a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin. Darjeeling Tea was the first GI tagged product in India.

A patent is a Government issued document that allows the person for an exclusive right to manufacture, use or sell an invention for a defined period (usually 20 years). It is a legal document safeguarding the rights and privileges of an inventor / invention.

bioethics is the study of the ethical issues emerging from the advances in biology and medicine. It is also a moral discernment as it relates to the medical policy and practice

Biopiracy: can be defined as "the use of bioresources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorization from the countries and the people
concerned without compensatory payment".

The Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI) is a proposed regulatory body in India for uses of biotechnology products including GMOs.

Cloning in biotechnology refers to the process of creating copies of organisms or copies of cells or DNA fragments (molecular cloning).

Sickle cell anaemia, p-Thalassemia, phenylketonuria, cervical cancer.

PCR based diagnosis of infections is based on the fact that if a pathogen is present in clinical specimen, its DNA will be present. The DNA has unique sequences that can be detected by PCR.

In polymerase chain reaction, annealing is a process where the denatured target DNA strands are cooled rapidly allowing the primers to bind to the sequences on each of the two strands flanking the target DNA.

In polymerase chain reaction, the double stranded DNA of interest is denatured to separate into two individual strands by high temperature. This is called denaturation

Direct ELISA, Indirect ELISA, Sandwich ELISA and Competitive ELISA

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Pluripotency refers to a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers
(i) ectoderm
(ii) endoderm and
(iii) mesoderm.