(i) AAU - UUA
(ii) CGA - GCU
(iii) UAU - AUA
(iv) GCA - CGU

tRNA on one hand binds to specific amino acids and on the other hand reads the codon of the amino acid bound to it through its anticodon, it is called as adapter molecule.

They inferred each strand of the double strands helps was used as a template for the formation of a new, daughter strand having a complementary sequence of bases.

There are 1.4 million locations where single base DNA differences (Called SNPs - Single Nucleotide Polymorphism - pronounce as snips) occurs in human's genome.
(i) By tracing human history
(ii) By finding chromosomal locations for disease associated sequences

A - \(5^{\prime} \rightarrow 3^{\prime}\) is called a coding strand.
B - \(3^{\prime} \rightarrow 5^{\prime}\) is called a template strand.

1. The genetic code is universal. It means that all known living systems use nucleic acids and the same three base codons (triplet codon) direct the synthesis of protein from amino acids. E.g, mRNA ,(UUU) codon codes for phenylalanine in all cells of all organisms.
2. Some exceptions are reported in prokaryotic, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes. However similarities are more common than differences.

Salient features of Human Genome Project:
1. The human genome contains 3 billion nucleotide bases.
2. An average gene consists of 3000 bases, the largest known human gene being dystrophin with 2.4 million bases.
3. Genes are distributed over 24 chromosomes. Chromosome 19 has the highest gene density. Chromosome 13 and Y chromosome have lowest gene densities. The chromosomal organization of human genes shows diversity. there may be 35000-40000 genes in the genome and almost 99.9 nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people. Functions for over 50percent of the discovered genes are unknown.
4. Less than 2 percent of the genome codes tor proteins.
5. Repeated sequences make up very large portion of the human genome. Repetitive sequences have no direct coding functions but they shed light on chromosome structure, dynamics and evolution (genetic diversity).
6. Chromosome 1 has 2968 genes whereas chromosome 'Y' has 231 genes.
7. Scientists have identified about 1.4 million locations where single base DNA differences (SNPs Single nucleotide polymorphism pronounce as snips) occur in humans. Identification of 'SNIPS' is helpful in finding chromosomal locations for disease associated sequences and tracing human history