(i)  In Ovoviviparous animals, the embryo develops inside the egg and remains in the mother's body until they are ready to hatch.
(ii) This method of reproduction is similar to Viviparity but the embryos have no placental connection with the mother and receive their nourishment from the egg yolk. Ovoviviparity is seen in fishes like shark.

(i) It is a mode of asexual reproduction in sponges.
(ii) Internal buds called gemmules are formed which is a hard ball, consisting of an internal mass of food laden archaeocytes.
(iii) During unfavourable conditions, the sponge disintegrates, but the gemmule withstands adverse conditions.
(Iv) The gemmules hatch during favourable conditions.

(i) Conjugation the temporary union of the two individuals of the same species. During which they exchange certain amount of nuclear material (DNA) and then get separated E.g.  bacteria.
(ii) No new individual is formed but after conjugation the two conjugants (participating organisms) show changes in their nuclear content. When they reproduce by asexual method, their off springs will inherit the nuclear content with changes. Hence conjugation is considered to a form of reproduction.

Depending upon the place where the fertilization takes place, it is of two types.
(i) External fertilization: In external fertilization, the fusion of male and female gametes takes place outside the body of female organisms in the water medium. E.g. sponges, fishes and amphibians.
(ii) Internal fertilization: In internal fertilization, the fusion of male and female gametes takes place within the body of female organisms. E.g. reptiles, aves and mammals.

(i) In Tape worm the gravid proglottids are regularly cut off either singly or in groups from the posterior end by a process called apolysis.
(ii) This is very significant since it helps in transferring the developed embryos from the primary host (man) to find a secondary host (pig).

(i) In some metazoan animals, a special type of transverse fission called strobilation occurs.
(ii) In the process of strobilation, several transverse fissions occur simultaneously giving rise to a number of individuals which often do not separate immediately from each other. E.g. Aurelia.

(i) During unfavorable conditions Amoeba withdraws its pseudopodia and secretes a three-layered, protective, chitinous cyst wall around it and becomes inactive. This phenomenon is called encystment.
(ii) When conditions become favourable, the encysted Amoeba divides by multiple fission and produces many minute amoebae called pseudopodiospore or amoebulae.
(iii) The cyst wall breaks off liberating the young pseudopodiospores.

(i) In Plasmodium, multiple fission occurs in the schizont and in the oocyte stages. When multiple fission occurs in the schizont, the process is called schizogony and the daughter individuals are called merozoites.
(ii) When multiple fission occurs in the oocyte, it is called sporogony and the daughter individuals are called sporozoites.

If multiple fission produces four or many daughter individuals by equal cell division and the young ones do not separate until the process is complete, then this division is called repeated fission. E.g. Vorticella.

(i) Reproduction by a single parent without the involvement of gamete formation is asexual reproduction and the offspring produced are genetically identical. (uniparental inheritance)
(ii) Asexual reproduction is usually by amitotic or mitotic division of the somatic (body) cells, hence is also known as somatogenic or blastogenic reproduction. Eg. members of Protista, Bacteria.

Oviparous animals lay eggs outside their body. These eggs are exposed to various environmental conditions and may be eaten by predators also. They face lot of risks until the young ones hatche. But the offsprings of viviparous animals are more safe and protected in the maternal womb until they are born.