Reproduction is a biological process in which an organism give rise to offsprings. This helps to maintain continuity of its species.

ovule is divided into two types based on the position of the sporogenous cell

Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed is called polyembryony.
The seedlings formed from the nucellar tissue in citrus are found better clones for orchards. Embryos derived through polyembryony are found virus free.

In some species (unitegmic, tenuinucellate) the inner layer of integument becomes specialized, The layer is nutritive in function for the embryosac. This layer is called endothelium or integumentary tapetum.
Example:
Asteraceae.

In Bryophyllum, the leaf is succulent and notched on its margin. Adventitious buds (epiphyllous buds) develop at these notches. They develop into new plants forming a root system. They become independent plants when the leaf gets decayed.

Advantages of modern methods
(i) Plants with desired characteristics can be multiplied rapidly in a short duration.
(ii) Plants produced are genetically identical.
(iii) Tissue culture can be carried out in any season.
(iv) Plants which do not produce viable seeds and seeds that are difficult to germinate can be propagated. 
(v) Rare and endangered plants can be propagated. Disease-free plants can be produced cells can be genetically modified and transformed.