(I) Buying and use only ecofriendly products and recycle them.
(II) Growing more trees.
(III) Choosing sustained farm products (vegetables, fruits and greens, etc.)
(IV) Reduce the use of natural resources.
(V) Recycle the waste and reduce the amount of waste you produce.
(VI) Reduce consumption of water and electricity.
(VII) Reduce or eliminate the use of house-hold chemicals and pesticides.
(VIII) Maintain your cars and vehicles properly. (In order to reduce carbon emission).
(IX) Create awareness and educate about ecosystem protection among your friends and family members and ask them to find out solution to minimise this problem.

Pyramid of number
(i) In a forest ecosystem the pyramid of number is different in shape, it is because the base (T ₁) of the pyramid occupies large sized trees (producer) which are lesser in number.
(ii) Herbivores (T₂) occupying second trophic level, are more in number than the producers (T₁).
(iii) In final trophic level (T₄) tertiary consumers (lion) are lesser in number than the secondary consumers (T₃).
(iv) Therefore, the pyramid of numbers in forest ecosystem looks spindle-shaped.
Pyramid of biomass
(i) In forest ecosystem, there is a gradual decrease in biomass of organisms at successive trophic levels from producers to top carnivores (Tertiary consumer). Therefore, the pyramid of biomass looks upright.

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) is the total amount of food energy or biomass produced in an ecosystem by autotrophs through the process of photosynthesis whereas Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is the proportion of energy which remains after respiration loss in the plant. When we compare GPP with NPP more energy is present in former than in latter.

Plants \(\rightarrow\) Grasshopper \(\rightarrow\) Frog \(\rightarrow\) Snake \(\rightarrow\) Hawk

If all producers are removed from ecosystem We tend to face the following hurdles.
(i) The Ecosystem cannot be balanced
(ii) The interlocking pattern of food chain is broken
(iii) The movement of energy transfer among the food chain cannot be established
(iv) As the green plants occupying the first trophic level (T₁) are producers - it affects majority of the food chain

There is a gradual decrease in energy transfer at successive tropic levels from producers to higher levels, hence the pyramid of energy is always upright.

Type of succession
Hydrosere
(i) The succession in a freshwater ecosystem is also referred to as hydrosere
(ii) Succession in a pond, begins with colonization of the pioneer's like phytoplankton and finally ends with the formation of climax community like forest stage. It includes the following stages
(a) Phytoplankton stage
It is the first stage of succession consisting of the pioneer Community like blue green algae, green algae, diatoms, bacteria, etc.,
The colonization of these organisms enrich the amount of organic matter and nutrients of pond due to their life activities and death.
This favors the development of the next several stages
(b) Submerged plant stage
As the result of death and decomposition of planktons, silt brought from land by rain water, lead to a loose mud formation at the bottom of the pond. Hence, the rooted submerged hydrophytes begin to appear on the new substratum.
Example: Chara, Utricularia, Vallisneria and Hydrilla etc.
The death and decay of these plants will build up the substratum of pond to become shallow. Therefore, this habitat now replaces another group of plants which are of floating type.
(c) Submerged free floating stage
During this stage, the depth of the pond will become almost 2-5 feet
Hence, the rooted hydrophytic plants and with floating large leaves start colonising the pond.
Example: Rooted floating plants like Nelumbo, Nymphaea and Trapa. Some free floating species like Azolla, Lemna, Wolffia and Pistia are also present in this stage.
By death and decomposition of these plants, further the pond becomes more shallow.
Due to this reason, floating plant species is gradually replaced by another species which makes new several stage.
(d) Reed-swamp stage
It is also called an amphibious stage.
During this stage, rooted floating plants are replaced by plants which can live successfully in aquatic as well as aerial environment.
Example: Typha, Phragmites, Sagittaria and Scirpus etc. At the end of this stage, water level is very much reduced, making it unsuitable for the continuous growth of amphibious Plants.
(e) Marsh meadow stage
When the pond becomes swallowed due to decreasing water level
Species of Cyperaceae and Poaceae such as Carex, Iuncus, Cyperus and Eleocharis colonise the area
They form a mat-like vegetation with the help of their much branched root system.
This leads to an absorption and loss of large quantity of water
At the end of this stage, the soil becomes dry and the marshy vegetation disappears gradually and leads to shurb stage
(d) Shrub stage
As the disappearance of marshy vegetation continues, soil becomes dry.
Hence, these areas are now invaded by terrestrial plants like shrubs (Salix and Cornus) and trees (Populus and Alnus).
These plants absorb large quantity of water and make the habitat dry.
Further, the accumulation of humus with a rich flora of microorganisms produce minerals in the soil, ultimately favouring the arrival of new tree species in the area
(e) Forest stage
It is the climax community of hydrosere.
A variety of trees invade the area and develop any one of the diverse type of vegetation.
Example: Temperate mixed forest (Ulmus, Acer and Quercus), Tropical rain forest (Artocarpus and Cinnamomum) and Tropical deciduous forest (Bamboo and Tectona).
In the 7 stages of hydrosere succession, stage 1 is occupied by pioneer community, while the stage 7 is occupied by the climax community. The stages 2 to 6 are occupied by several communities,

Grassland ecosystem : There is a gradual decrease in the number of organisms in each trophic level from producers to primary consumers and then to secondary consumers, and finally to tertiary consumers. Therefore pyramids of number in grassland ecosystem are always upright.