Redifferentiation and Dedifferentiation.

(a) Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM)
(b) Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC)

ELSI which represents ethical, legal and social implications of biotechnology broadly covers the relationship between biotechnology and society with particular reference to ethical and legal aspects.

Grant is a signed document, actually the agreement that grants patent right to the inventor. It is filled at patent office and not published.

Intellectual property right (IPR) is a category of property that includes intangible creation of the human intellect, and primarily consists of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.

The growing of cells including the culture of single cells or small aggregates of cells in vitro in liquid medium is known as cell suspension culture.

Based on the explants some other plant tissue culture types are:
1. Organ culture
2. Meristem culture
3. Protoplast culture
4. Cell culture

Glycine 2.0 mg/l, Nicotinic acid 0.5 mg/l, Pyridoxin HCI 0.5 mg/l and Thiamine HCI 0.1 mg/l.

Agar is a complex mucilaginous polysaccharide obtained from marine algae (sea weeds), used as solidifying agent of culture media.

1. Culture media are sterilized by Autoclaving.
2. Explants are surface sterilized by chemicals.

Sterilization is the technique employed to get rid of microbes such as bacteria and fungi in the culture medium, vessels and explants.

Name of the process-Plant tissue culture Types:
(a) Organ culture
(b) Meristem culture
(c) Protoplast culture
(d) Cell culture

Somatic embryogenesis is the formation of embryos from the callus tissue directly and these embryos are called Embryoids or from the in vitro cells directly form pre-embryonic cells which differentiate into embryoids
Applications:
i. Somatic embryogenesis provides potential plantlets which after hardening period can establish into plants.
ii. Somatic embryoids can be used for the production of synthetic seeds.
iii. Somatic embryogenesis is now reported in many plants such as Allium sativum, Hordeum vulgare, Oryza sativa, Zea mays and this is possible in any plant.

1. The growing of cells including the culture of single cells or small aggregates of cells in vitro in liquid medium is known as cell suspension culture.
2. The cell suspension is prepared by transferring a portion of callus to the liquid medium and agitated using rotary shaker instrument.
3. The cells are separated from the callus tissue and used for cell suspension culture.

Sterilization of Nutrient Media:
1. Culture media are dispensed in glass containers, plugged with non-absorbent cotton or sealed with plastic closures and then sterilized using autoclave at 15 psi (121^o(C)  for 15 to 30 minutes.
2. The plant extracts, vitamins, amino acids and hormones are sterilized by passing through Millipore filter with 0.2 mm pore diameter.
3. Then added to sterilized culture medium inside Laminar Airflow Chamber under sterile condition.
Other techniques used to remove the microbes
(a) Maintenance of aseptic environment
(b) Sterilization of culture room
(c) Sterilization of explants