It is a technique of encasing seeds in a mixture of clay & soil humus & scattering them on to suitable ground, not planting of trees manually.

1. Sometimes, ants take their shelter on some trees such as mango, litchi, jamun, acacia etc.
2. These ants act as body guards of the plants against any disturbing agent and the plants in turn provide food and shelter to these ants.
3. This phenomenon is known as Myrmecophily.
Example: Acacia and, Acacia ants.

1. The outer bark of trees which extends to the last formed periderm is called rhytidome.
2. It is composed of multiple layers of suberized periderm, cortical & phloem tissues.
3. It protects the stem against fire, water loss, invasion of insects & prevents infection by microorganisms.

Sandy soil loses water at high rate, These characters along with other parameters such as p^H, mineral composition is also important.

Soil formation is initiated by the weathering process. Biological weathering takes place when organisms like bacteria, fungi, lichens & plants help in the breakdown of rocks through the production of acids & certain chemical substances.

Dispersal by Animals (Zoochory)
Birds and mammals, including human beings play an efficient and important role in the dispersal of fruit and seeds. They have the following devices.
i. Hooked fruit: The surface of the fruit or seeds have hooks (Xanthium), barbs (Andropogon), spines (Aristida) by means of which they adhere to the body of animals or clothes of human beings and get dispersed.
ii. Sticky fruits and seeds:
a. Some fruits have sticky glandular hairs by which they adhere to the fur of grazing animals. Example: Boerhaavia and Cleome.
b. Some fruits have viscid layer which adhere to the beak of the bird which eat them and when they rub them on to the branch of the tree, they disperse and germinate. Example: Cordia and Alangium.
iii. Fleshy fruits: Some fleshy fruits with conspicuous colours are dispersed by human beings to distant places after consumption.
Example: Mango and Diplocyclos

Morphological adaptations
1. The temperate halophytes are herbaceous but the tropical halophytes are mostly bushy.
2. In addition to the normal roots, many stilt roots are developed.
3. A special type of negatively geotropic roots called pneumatophores with pneumathodes to get sufficient aeration are also present. They are called breathing roots. Example: Avicennia.
4. Presence of thick cuticle on the aerial parts of the plant body.
5. Leaves are thick, entire, succulent and glossy. Some species are aphyllous (without leaves).

1. In many species of fig trees, there is a one-to one relationship with the pollinator species of wasp. It means that a given fig species can be pollinated only by its 'partner' wasp species & no other species.
2. The female wasp uses the fruit not only as an oviposition (egg, laying) site but uses the developing seeds within the fruit for nourishing its larvae.
3. The wasp pollinates the fig inflorescence while searching for suitable egg-laying sites.
4. In return for the favour of pollination the fig offers the wasp, some of its developing seeds, as food for the developing wasp larvae.
5. The relationship that operates here is co-evolution.