(i) C be the centre of curvature of the mirror.
(ii) Consider a light ray parallel to the principal axis is incident on the mirror at M and passes through the principal focus F after reflection. An.
(iii) The line CM is the normal to the mirror at M. Let i be the angle of incidence and the same will be the angle of reflection.
(iv) If MP is the perpendicular from M on the principal axis, then from the geometry.
(v) The angles ∠MCP = i and ∠MFP = 2i
(vi) From right -angle triangles ΔMCP and ΔMFP,
\(tani=\cfrac { PM }{ PC } \) and \(tan2i=\cfrac { PM }{ PF } \)
(vii) As the angles are small, tan i≈i
\(i=\cfrac { PM }{ PC } \) and \(2i=\cfrac { PM }{ PF } \) 
(viii) Simplifying
\(2\cfrac { PM }{ PC } =\cfrac { PM }{ PF } ;2PF=PC\)

(i) The image formed by a plane mirror is virtual, erect, and laterally inverted.
(ii) The size of the image is equal to the size of the object.
(iii The image distance far behind the mirror is equal to the object distance in front of it.
(iv) If an object is placed between two plane mirrors inclined at an angle e, then the number of images n formed is as,
\(n=\left( \cfrac { 360 }{ \theta } -1 \right) \)

According to law of reflection,
(i) The incident ray, reflected ray and normal to the reflecting surface all are coplanar (i.e: lie in the same plane).
(ii) The angle of incidence i is equal to the angle of reflection r.
i = r

(ii) 2,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde.

(iii) ethanal

(ii) benzoic acid

(iii) α - hydroxyphenylaceticacid.

An alcohol:

An alkylhalide:

An alkene:

2- Pentanone.