Acedaldehyde from ethyne:

Cinnamic acid from benzaldehyde:

Malachite green from benzaldehyde:
Benzaldehyde condenses with tertiary aromatic amines like N, N - dimethyl aniline in the presence of strong acids to form triphenyl methane dye.

 

Benzoic acid from toluene:
Toluene is oxidised by acidified KMnO₄
\(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{CH}_{3} \frac{\mathrm{H}^{+} / \mathrm{KMnO}_{4}}{(\mathrm{O})} \mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{COOH}\)

Ethane from sodium acetate:
\(\underset{Sodium \ acetate}{2 \mathrm{CH}_{3}} \mathrm{COONa}+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \stackrel{\text { Electrolysis }}{\longrightarrow} \underset{Ethane}{\mathrm{CH}_{3}}-\mathrm{CH}_{3}+2 \mathrm{CO}_{2}+\mathrm{H}_{2}+2 \mathrm{NaOH} \)
This is Kolbe's electrolysis.

Acetophenone frorr acetylchloride:
Friedel Crafts acetylation of, benzene with CH₃COCI/AICI₃

Lactic acid from ethanal

Acetamide from methyl cyanide:
Partial hydrolysis of alkyl cyanides with cold con HCl gives amides.

Ethylacetate from methyl acetate:
1. In presence of a little acid, methyl acetate is cleaved by ethyl alcohol to form ethyl acetate.
\(\underset{Methyl \ acetate }{\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOCH}_{3}}+ \underset{Propyl \ alcohol} {\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}} \stackrel{\mathrm{H}^{+}}{\rightleftharpoons} \underset { Ethyl \ acetate}{\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOC}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5}}+\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH} \)
2. This is called 'trans esterification'.

ethanal

2,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde :

An alkene:

An alkylhalide:

An carbonyl compound having molecular formula C₅H₁₀O giving positive iodoform test. It does not reduce Fehling solution.So it is 2- pentanone.

∴ (A) is 2-pentanone.

(ii) 2,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde.

(iii) ethanal

(ii) benzoic acid

(iii) α - hydroxyphenylaceticacid.

An alcohol:

An alkylhalide:

An alkene:

(i) Acetic anhydride from acetic acid:

Carboxylic acid on heating in the presence of a strong dehydrating agent such as P₂O₅ forms acid anhydride.
(ii) Ethylacetate from methyl acetate:
1. In presence of a little acid, methyl acetate is cleaved by ethyl alcohol to form ethyl acetate.
\(\underset{Methyl \ acetate }{\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOCH}_{3}}+ \underset{Propyl \ alcohol} {\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}} \stackrel{\mathrm{H}^{+}}{\rightleftharpoons} \underset { Ethyl \ acetate}{\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOC}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5}}+\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH} \)
2. This is called 'trans esterification'.
Acetamide from methyl cyanide:
Partial hydrolysis of alkyl cyanides with cold con HCl gives amides.

(iv) Lactic acid from ethanal

Acetophenone frorr acetylchloride:
Friedel Crafts acetylation of, benzene with CH₃COCI/AICI₃

Ethane from sodium acetate:
\(\underset{Sodium \ acetate}{2 \mathrm{CH}_{3}} \mathrm{COONa}+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \stackrel{\text { Electrolysis }}{\longrightarrow} \underset{Ethane}{\mathrm{CH}_{3}}-\mathrm{CH}_{3}+2 \mathrm{CO}_{2}+\mathrm{H}_{2}+2 \mathrm{NaOH} \)
This is Kolbe's electrolysis.
Benzoic acid from toluene:
Toluene is oxidised by acidified KMnO₄
\(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{CH}_{3} \frac{\mathrm{H}^{+} / \mathrm{KMnO}_{4}}{(\mathrm{O})} \mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{COOH}\)
Malachite green from benzaldehyde:
Benzaldehyde condenses with tertiary aromatic amines like N, N - dimethyl aniline in the presence of strong acids to form triphenyl methane dye.

Cinnamic acid from benzaldehyde:

Acedaldehyde from ethyne: