(a) 2-methyl-heptan-3-ol (2°)
(b) 2,2-dimethyl-propan-1-01-(1°)
(c) 2-phenyl-2-propanol (3°)
(d) 2,2-dimethyl-S-bromo-3-pentanol (2°)
(e) l-Butene-ol (2°)
(f) Phenyl methanol (1°)
(g) 4-phenyl-1-butanol (1°)
(h) 3-ethyl-3-pentanol (3°)

Functional isomerism.
(a) dimethoxy methane
(b) 2-methoxy ethonal
Position isomerism - diol position is changed.
(a) propane - 1,2-diol
(b) propane - 1,3 - diol
Chain isomerism - carbon chain is changed
(a) isobutyl alcohol
(b) n-butyl alcohol

(i) Phenol are only sparingly soluble in water. Actually they form only negligible hydrogen bonding with water since the size of the phenyl group is large and it almost masks the polar character of -OH group. So, phenol has a smaller dipole moment.

(ii) But methanol is soluble in soluble in water due to the formation of hydrogen bonding with water and it results in higher dipole moment. In henol, there is +ve charge on oxygen, therefore it does not undergo protonation easily.

When an alkyl halide is heated with an alcoholic solution of sodium alkoxide, the corresponding ethers are obtained. The reaction involves SN² mechanism.

Primary alkyl halides are more susceptible for SN² reaction. Hence for the preparation of mixed having primary and tertiary alkyl group, primary alkyl halide and tertiary alkoxide are used. On the other hand, if we use tertiary alkyl halide and primary alkoxide, elimination dominates and succedes over substitution to form an alkene.

When glycerol is heated with dehydrating agents such as Con H₂SO, KHSO₄ etc .... , it undergoes dehydration to form acrolein.

(i) Glycerol is prepared in a large scale by the hydrolysis of oils or fats either by using alkali or by super heated steam.
(ii) During this process, soap is formed along with the byproduct glycerol and this process is called saponification.

Uses of glycerol:
(i) Glycerol is used as a sweetening agent in confectionery and beverages.
(ii) It is used in the manufacture of cosmetics and transparent soaps.
(iii) It is used in making printing inks and stamp pad ink and lubricant for watches and clocks.
(iv) It is used in the manufacture of explosive like dynamite and cordite by mixing it with chaina clay.

(i) Reaction of alcohols with HX involves the cleavage of C-OH bond of alcohols (3⁰>2⁰>1⁰).
This is due to the electron releasing inductive effect of alkyl groups and thus the electron density towards oxygen gets increased.
(ii) As a result the polarity of C-O bond increases making the cleavage between the C and O easier.
(iii) Hence, greater the number of alkyl groups on carbon, more easy would be the cleavage of C-O bond and thus greater would be the reactivity of alcohol.

(a) Alcohols are soluble in water because they form intermolecular hydrogen bonding with water. Lower members are completely miscible with water and the higher members are not. This is because of the increase in size of hydrophobic (water repelling) alkyl group in the alcohol.
(b) Strong basic substances like organo metallic compounds (RMgX-Grignard reagent) are decomposed by alcohol.
R - OH + CH₃MgBr ⟶ R - O - Mg - Br + CH₄
Hence, alcohols cannot be used as a solvent for Grignard reagent.

A - CH₃I- Methyl Iodide
B - C₆H₅OH - Phenol
C - C₆H₅ONa - Sodium Phenoxide

Anisole undergoes Friedel Craft's reaction in presence of anhydrous AlCl₃ as a catalyst.

Glycerol occurs in many natural fats and it is also found in long chain fatty acids in the form of glyceryl esters (Triglycerides). The alkaline hydrolysis of these fats gives glycerol and the reaction is known as saponification.

(i) In this method, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used as the oxidising agent, which converts alcohols to ketones aldehydes.
(ii) In this method an alcohol is treated with DMSO and oxalyl chloride followed by the addition of triethylamine.

(i) Phenol reacts with bromine water to give a white precipitate of 2,4,6-tri bromo phenol.

(ii) It readily forms tribromo derivative since it has two-o and one-p position free with respect to OH group.