Addition reaction: Alkyl isocyanides add on halogen, sulphur, and oxygen to form the corresponding addition compounds.

The N₂CI group can be replaced by alkoxy group by warming with alcohol or by acyloxy group by boiling with carboxylic acids.

No, aniline cannot be prepared by Gabriel phthalimide reaction. This method involves the treatment of potassium phthalimide with aryl halides. But aryl halides does not undergo nucleophilic substitution under ordinary conditions.

When chlorobenzene is heated with alcoholic ammonia, aniline is obtained

Amides behave both as weak acid as well as weak base and thus show amphoteric character. This can be proved by the following reactions. Acetamide (as base) reacts with hydrochloric I acid to form salt.
\(\underset { Acetamide }{ { CH }_{ 3 }-\overset { \underset { || }{ O } }{ C } -{ NH }_{ 2 } } +HCl\longrightarrow \underset { acetamide\ hdrochloride }{ { CH }_{ 3 }-\overset { \underset { || }{ O } }{ C } -\overset { + }{ N } { CH }_{ 3 }{ Cl }^{ - } } \) 
Acetamide (as acid) reacts with sodium to form sodium salt and hydrogen gas is liberated.
\(\underset { Acetamide }{ { 2CH }_{ 3 }-\overset { \underset { || }{ O } }{ C } -{ NH }_{ 2 } } +Na\longrightarrow \underset { sodium\ acetamide }{ { 2CH }_{ 3 }-\overset { \underset { || }{ O } }{ C } -\overset { + }{ N } HNa+{ H }_{ 2 } } \)

(i) Lower aliphatic carboxylic acids (up to four carbon) are miscible with water due to the formation of hydrogen bonds with water.
(ii) Higher carboxylic acid are insoluble in water due to increased hydrophobic interaction of hydrocarbon part

(i) In monochloro acetic acid, the -I effect of chlorine (electron withdrawing group) increases its strength.

(ii) This effect weakens the -O-H bond. There by facilitating the removal of H from -OH group. This acid (ClCH₂COOH) becomes stronger than formic acid.

Acetone is soluble in water due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between polar carbonyl group and water molecules. In benzophenone, the phenyl groups are bulkier so C = 0 cannot form hydrogen bonds with water due to steric hindrance.

Benzaldehyde reduces Tollen's reagent, but does not reduce Fehling's solution. Because Ag⁺ is more easily reduced to Ag than Cu²⁺ to Cu⁺

Two molecules of acetaldehyde undergoes condensation reaction in the presence of NaOH to form aldol.
\({ CH }_{ 3 }-\underset { \overset { | }{ \underset { acetadelhyde }{ H } } }{ C } =O+{ CH }_{ 3 }-CHO\overset { NaOH }{ \longrightarrow } { CH }_{ 3 }-\underset { \overset { | }{ \underset { Aldol }{ OH } } }{ CH } -{ CH }_{ 2 }-CHO\)

(i) Formaldehyde does not undergo aldol condensation.
(ii) Aldol condensation reaction is the characteristic of carbonyl compounds having a hydrogen atom. So this reaction does not take place in formaldehyde.

In simple amines the lone pair of electrons is on nitrogen and hence available for protonation. In amides, on the other hand, the electron pair on nitrogen is delocalized to the carbonyl oxygen through resonance.

(i) CH₃ - CH_{2 -} CH₂NH₂ 1-amino propane
(ii) \({ CH }_{ 3 }-\underset { \overset { | }{ { NH }_{ 2 } } }{ CH } -{ CH }_{ 3 }\)  2-amino propane
(iii) \({ CH }_{ 3 }-{ CH }_{ 2 }-\underset { \overset { | }{ H } }{ N } -{ CH }_{ 3 }\) N - Methyl amino ethane
(iv) \(\quad { CH }_{ 3 }-\overset { \underset { | }{ { CH }_{ 2 } } }{ N } -{ CH }_{ 3 }\) N,N-Dimethyl methanamine

(A) CH₃COOH - Acetic acid
(B) CH₃CH₂OH - Ethanol
CH₃CH₂ - NO₂

On the other hand, the acid or base hydrolysis of ethyl nitrite gives ethanol.

With oxygen it forms a toxic carbonyl chloride Hence it is not used an an anaesthetic.

Penicillin.

Common salt is added to the reaction mixture to decrease the solubility of soap and it helps to precipitate out from the aqueous solution.

The drug molecule interacts with biomolecules such as enzymes, receptors etc., which are referred as drug targets.

The specific rotation of pure α and β(D) glucose are 112° & 18.7° respectively. However, when pure form of anyone of these sugars dissolved in water, slow interconversion of α-D glucose and β-D glucose via open chain form until equilibrium is established giving constant specific rotation + 53°. This phenomenon is called mutarotation.

Two types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Human blood contains about 100 mg/dL of glucose, hence it is also known as blood sugar.

Adsorption is an exothermic process, i.e.,energy factor favours the process. As ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, in adsorption, though ΔS is -ve but ΔH is also -ve and ΔH > TΔS in magnitude so that ΔG is -ve.
Hence, the process is spontaneous.

Skin and hides are protein containing positively charged particles which are coagulated by adding tannin which is negatively charged to give hardened leather for further application.

Intermediate compound formation theory:
(i) the specificity of a catalyst and
(ii) the increase in the rate of the reaction with increase in the concentration of a catalyst

(i) Leclanche cell
(ii) Mercury button cell

Electrolysis is a process in which the electrical energy is used to cause a non-spontaneous chemical reaction to occur.

The reciprocal of the resistance \((\frac{l}{R})\) gives the conductance of an electrolytic solution. The SI unit of conductance is Siemen (S).

Ethanol

Oxidation of glycerol with Br₂/H₂O (or) NaOBr (or) Fenton reagent (FeSO₄ + H₂O₂) gives a mixture of glyceraldehyde and dihydroxy acetone (This mixture is named as glycerose).

When ethylene glycol is treated with cone. H₂SO₄ two molecules of water are removed and the product formed is dioxane.

Common ion effect decreases the solubility of the electrolyte.

When the product of molar concentration of the constituent ions i.e., ionic product, exceeds the solubility product then the compound gets precipitated. Ionic product > K_sp, precipitation will occur and the solution is super saturated.

The order of the reaction is zero.

1 Mole of hexagonal packed structure contains 1 mole of octahedral voids and two moles of tetrahedral voids. Therefore, 0.5 moles of hexagonal packed structure contains 0.5 moles of octahedral voids and 1 mole of tetrahedral voids.
No. of tetrahedral voids = 6.022 x 10²³
No. of octahedral voids\(\frac{1}{2}\) x no. of tetrahedral voids
No. of octahedral voids = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 6.022 x 10²³
= 3.011 x 10²³
Total No. of voids = (6.022+3.011) x 10²³
= 9.033 x 10²³.

Nitrogen has smaller size and can polarise N-H bond d more efficiently than chlorine can do in a CI-H bond. Hence, nitrogen forms H- bond, while chlorine does not.

Ammonia is prepared in the laboratory by heating an ammonium salt with a base.
\({ 2NH }_{ 4 }^{ + }+{ OH }^{ - }\longrightarrow { 2NH }_{ 3 }+{ H }_{ 2 }O\)
\({ 2NH }_{ 4 }Cl+CaO\longrightarrow { CaCl }_{ 2 }+{ 2NH }_{ 3 }+{ H }_{ 2 }O\)

(i) In ionic compounds, electricity is conducted by ions.
(ii) In solid state, ions are held together by A strong electrostatic forces and are not free to move about within the solid.
(iii) Hence, ionic solids do not conduct electricity in solid state
(iv) However, in molten state or in solution form, the ions are free to move and can conduct electricity.

(i) In the elements of 4^th, 5^th and 6^th period of the p-block the electrons present in the intervening d and f - orbitals do not shield the s-electrons of the valence shell effectively.
(ii) As a result, ns²-electons remains more tightly held by the nucleus and hence do not participate in bonding. This is called inert pair effect.

(i) Boric acid reacts with calcium fluoride in presence of conc. sulphuric acid and gives boron trifluoride.
3CaF₂ + 3H₂SO₄ + 2B(OH)₃ ⟶ 3CaSO₄ + 2BF₃ + 6H₂O
(ii) Borax when heated with soda ash it gives borax
Na₂CO₃ + 4B(OH)₃ ⟶ Na₂B₄O₇ +.CO₂ + 6H₂O

This is because the last electron enters into the (n-2) f-subshell.

(i) An anionic complex compound contains a complex anion and simple cation.

(ii) A cationic complex contains complex cation and simple anion

Ethylenediamine (en) 

ethane - 1, 2 - diamine.

(i) Distillation is employed for low boiling volatile metals like zinc (boiling point 1180 K) and mercury (630 K).
(ii) In this method, the impure metal is heated to evaporate and the vapours are condensed to get pure metal.

Metal oxides to metal : Carbon, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, aluminum and metals like sodium.

Square planar complexes do not show optical isomerism because they contain a plane of symmetry.

(i) EDTA is used in the treatment of lead poisoning
(ii) Cis-platin[Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂] is used in the treatment of cancer.